{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7215710859","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.612550","title":"Microfacet-based physics-driven framework for single-photon LiDAR rough-surface scattering and detection","display_name":"Microfacet-based physics-driven framework for single-photon LiDAR rough-surface scattering and detection","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7215710859","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.612550","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42839522"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1364/oe.612550","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.612550","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.612550","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S178776955","display_name":"Optics Express","issn_l":"1094-4087","issn":["1094-4087"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-2","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315679","host_organization_name":"Optica Publishing Group","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315679"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Optica Publishing Group"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Optics Express","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.612550","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5149496603","display_name":"Hao Liao","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hao Liao","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075439284","display_name":"Yanhui Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7099-9786","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7099-9786"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yanhui Li","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101451054","display_name":"Pengfei Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-7696-0891","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0007-7696-0891"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pengfei Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-7696-0891","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5154897422","display_name":"Ying Zou","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ying Zou","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5149941631","display_name":"Peihao Xiao","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peihao Xiao","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017499714","display_name":"Lu Bai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1242-5412","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1242-5412","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7091-5965","https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1687-0863","https://orcid.org/0009-0002-9168-5465"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lu Bai","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7091-5965","affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2270,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2270},"apc_paid":{"value":2270,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2270},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.70888514,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"34","issue":"20","first_page":"38706","last_page":"38706"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12153","display_name":"Advanced Optical Sensing Technologies","score":0.9262999892234802,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3105","display_name":"Instrumentation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12153","display_name":"Advanced Optical Sensing Technologies","score":0.9262999892234802,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3105","display_name":"Instrumentation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13049","display_name":"Surface Roughness and Optical Measurements","score":0.061500001698732376,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3105","display_name":"Instrumentation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11996","display_name":"Random lasers and scattering media","score":0.00279999990016222,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/single-photon-lidar","display_name":"single-photon LiDAR","score":0.9810000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rough-surface-scattering","display_name":"rough surface scattering","score":0.984000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microfacet-model","display_name":"microfacet model","score":0.9929999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photon-counting-statistics","display_name":"photon counting statistics","score":0.8410000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detector-response","display_name":"detector response","score":0.8840000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fresnel-equations","display_name":"Fresnel equations","score":0.8320000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surface-roughness","display_name":"surface roughness","score":0.6299999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/complex-relative-permittivity","display_name":"complex relative permittivity","score":0.6620000004768372}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.8245999813079834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191486275","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210028","display_name":"Scattering","level":2,"score":0.7569000124931335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51399673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q504027","display_name":"Lidar","level":2,"score":0.7113999724388123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.6237000226974487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118381688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1079524","display_name":"Specular reflection","level":2,"score":0.6028000116348267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120456961","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210028","display_name":"Light scattering","level":3,"score":0.5537999868392944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153837357","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q838055","display_name":"Fresnel equations","level":3,"score":0.5527999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.5508999824523926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63688654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901737","display_name":"Mie scattering","level":4,"score":0.5410000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159317903","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3198","display_name":"Photon","level":2,"score":0.4846999943256378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781402376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17126172","display_name":"Photon counting","level":3,"score":0.44510000944137573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150493377","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1427863","display_name":"Transmittance","level":2,"score":0.42989999055862427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19499675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232207","display_name":"Monte Carlo method","level":2,"score":0.41819998621940613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776799497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q484298","display_name":"Surface (topology)","level":2,"score":0.38909998536109924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30354325","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204667","display_name":"Backscatter (email)","level":3,"score":0.3885999917984009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54644633","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5473287","display_name":"Forward scatter","level":3,"score":0.37400001287460327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520434653","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38867","display_name":"Laser","level":2,"score":0.3732999861240387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67105901","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q903737","display_name":"Scattering theory","level":3,"score":0.3695000112056732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107365816","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q114817","display_name":"Surface roughness","level":2,"score":0.35850000381469727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98239406","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6934570","display_name":"Multiangle light scattering","level":4,"score":0.3474999964237213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54308172","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1367365","display_name":"Atmospheric optics","level":2,"score":0.30480000376701355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30475298","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q909554","display_name":"Computational physics","level":1,"score":0.28940001130104065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154236941","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q942347","display_name":"Physical optics","level":2,"score":0.2827000021934509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47019982","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q305032","display_name":"Photon diffusion","level":3,"score":0.27730000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.27559998631477356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110277352","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q467980","display_name":"Geometrical optics","level":2,"score":0.275299996137619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46244369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193709","display_name":"Rayleigh scattering","level":2,"score":0.2619999945163727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50045419","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7575328","display_name":"Specular highlight","level":3,"score":0.26179999113082886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65682993","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1056451","display_name":"Reflection (computer programming)","level":2,"score":0.2574999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95930237","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14506045","display_name":"Optical phenomena","level":2,"score":0.2526000142097473}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1364/oe.612550","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.612550","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.612550","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S178776955","display_name":"Optics Express","issn_l":"1094-4087","issn":["1094-4087"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-2","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315679","host_organization_name":"Optica Publishing Group","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315679"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Optica Publishing Group"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Optics Express","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:42839522","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42839522","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Optics express","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1364/oe.612550","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.612550","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.612550","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S178776955","display_name":"Optics Express","issn_l":"1094-4087","issn":["1094-4087"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-2","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315679","host_organization_name":"Optica Publishing Group","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315679"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Optica Publishing Group"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Optics Express","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W75556296","https://openalex.org/W1965957718","https://openalex.org/W1975496472","https://openalex.org/W2019884571","https://openalex.org/W2036640117","https://openalex.org/W2037914589","https://openalex.org/W2041251400","https://openalex.org/W2050550289","https://openalex.org/W2052409998","https://openalex.org/W2060201892","https://openalex.org/W2084346152","https://openalex.org/W2091084482","https://openalex.org/W2104587129","https://openalex.org/W2108302798","https://openalex.org/W2112858385","https://openalex.org/W2130799745","https://openalex.org/W2142063750","https://openalex.org/W2162978469","https://openalex.org/W2613985060","https://openalex.org/W2943353405","https://openalex.org/W3038685279","https://openalex.org/W3127845596","https://openalex.org/W4386884292","https://openalex.org/W4391215364","https://openalex.org/W4402753536","https://openalex.org/W4416147725"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4402966938","https://openalex.org/W2022369394","https://openalex.org/W2969879782","https://openalex.org/W3005782933","https://openalex.org/W4403458725","https://openalex.org/W2045763044","https://openalex.org/W4381252041","https://openalex.org/W4389988822","https://openalex.org/W2972431318","https://openalex.org/W4200489891"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,65,134,154],"scattering":[1,26,54,82,164],"characteristics":[2],"of":[3,95],"rough":[4],"surfaces":[5],"play":[6],"a":[7,48,78],"fundamental":[8],"role":[9],"in":[10,41],"single-photon":[11,43,56,166,172],"LiDAR,":[12],"remote":[13],"sensing,":[14],"and":[15,31,55,74,92,105,114,118,131,136,143,151,165,179],"optical":[16,25,176],"target":[17,177],"characterization.":[18],"Conventional":[19],"electromagnetic":[20],"models":[21],"describe":[22,39],"the":[23,42,62,86,96,111],"underlying":[24],"process,":[27],"whereas":[28],"photon-counting":[29,115],"statistics":[30],"detector":[32,75,106],"response":[33,76,107],"must":[34],"be":[35],"modeled":[36,109],"separately":[37],"to":[38],"measurements":[40],"regime.":[44],"In":[45],"this":[46],"study,":[47],"unified":[49],"simulation":[50],"model":[51,66,156],"for":[52,122,148,161,171],"rough-surface":[53,163,180],"detection":[57],"is":[58,83],"developed":[59],"based":[60],"on":[61],"microfacet":[63],"model.":[64],"incorporates":[67],"laser":[68],"emission,":[69],"photon":[70,99,124],"propagation,":[71],"surface":[72,132],"scattering,":[73],"within":[77],"single":[79],"framework.":[80],"Surface":[81],"determined":[84],"from":[85],"complex":[87],"relative":[88],"permittivity,":[89],"root-mean-square":[90],"height,":[91],"correlation":[93],"length":[94],"target,":[97],"while":[98],"absorption,":[100],"specular":[101],"reflection,":[102,104],"diffuse":[103],"are":[108,120],"using":[110],"Fresnel":[112],"equations":[113],"statistics.":[116],"Simulations":[117],"experiments":[119],"performed":[121],"different":[123],"transmittance":[125],"levels,":[126],"incident":[127],"angles,":[128],"material":[129],"types,":[130],"roughness.":[133],"simulated":[135],"experimental":[137],"scattered-photon":[138],"distributions":[139],"exhibit":[140],"consistent":[141],"trends":[142],"show":[144],"good":[145],"overall":[146],"agreement":[147],"both":[149],"metallic":[150],"dielectric":[152],"targets.":[153],"proposed":[155],"provides":[157],"an":[158],"effective":[159],"approach":[160],"analyzing":[162],"detection,":[167],"offering":[168],"theoretical":[169],"support":[170],"LiDAR":[173],"system":[174],"design,":[175],"characterization,":[178],"analysis.":[181]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-29T09:56:32.521200","created_date":"2026-10-03T00:00:00"}
