{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7215043629","doi":"https://doi.org/10.65826/ijpir.1.3.2026.58","title":"Explaining Divergent Artificial Intelligence Readiness in South Asia: A Comparative Study of India and Bangladesh","display_name":"Explaining Divergent Artificial Intelligence Readiness in South Asia: A Comparative Study of India and Bangladesh","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-09-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7215043629","doi":"https://doi.org/10.65826/ijpir.1.3.2026.58"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.65826/ijpir.1.3.2026.58","doi":"https://doi.org/10.65826/ijpir.1.3.2026.58","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.65826/ijpir.1.3.2026.58","pdf_url":"https://ijpir.uk/index.php/pub/article/download/58/16","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5407055798","display_name":"International Journal of Politics and International Relations (IJPIR)","issn_l":"3108-6659","issn":["3108-6659"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Politics and International Relations (IJPIR)","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://ijpir.uk/index.php/pub/article/download/58/16","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5153113071","display_name":"Md. Hasan Al Azad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-1466-263X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0006-1466-263X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210144275","display_name":"Dhaka University of Engineering & Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03qxvyy35","country_code":"BD","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210144275"]}],"countries":["BD"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Md. Hasan Al Azad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, Dhaka University of \u200eEngineering & Technology, Bangladesh"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-1466-263X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, Dhaka University of \u200eEngineering & Technology, Bangladesh","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210144275"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5153784908","display_name":"Md. Zahidul Islam Rakib","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-2134-5787","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0007-2134-5787"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205746353","display_name":"University of Dhaka","ror":"https://ror.org/05wv2vq37","country_code":"BD","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205746353"]}],"countries":["BD"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Md. Zahidul Islam Rakib","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Political Science, University of Dhaka, \u200eBangladesh"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-2134-5787","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Political Science, University of Dhaka, \u200eBangladesh","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205746353"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5153111408","display_name":"Sadia Sharmin Chhanda","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-6797-0234","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0001-6797-0234"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210147955","display_name":"Bangladesh University of Business and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0400am365","country_code":"BD","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210147955"]}],"countries":["BD"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sadia Sharmin Chhanda","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of English, Bangladesh \u200eUniversity of Business and Technology, Bangladesh"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-6797-0234","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of English, Bangladesh \u200eUniversity of Business and Technology, Bangladesh","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210147955"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5129469500","display_name":"SHAH IFTEKHAR AHMED","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-2406-6959","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0008-2406-6959"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4402554057","display_name":"Habiganj Agricultural University","ror":"https://ror.org/058e0mz85","country_code":"BD","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4402554057"]}],"countries":["BD"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shah Iftekhar Ahmed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Crop Production, Habiganj Agricultural University, \u200e Bangladesh\u200e"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-2406-6959","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Crop Production, Habiganj Agricultural University, \u200e Bangladesh\u200e","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4402554057"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"1","issue":"3","first_page":"212","last_page":"229"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10953","display_name":"E-Government and Public Services","score":0.17350000143051147,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10953","display_name":"E-Government and Public Services","score":0.17350000143051147,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13364","display_name":"Digitalization, Law, and Regulation","score":0.1242000013589859,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12687","display_name":"Public Administration in Developing Nations","score":0.09229999780654907,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence-readiness","display_name":"AI readiness","score":0.949999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/india","display_name":"India","score":0.47099998593330383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bangladesh","display_name":"Bangladesh","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/south-asia","display_name":"South Asia","score":0.6690000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ai-governance","display_name":"AI governance","score":0.7250000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/historical-institutionalism","display_name":"historical institutionalism","score":0.765999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state-capacity","display_name":"state capacity","score":0.9649999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/innovation-systems","display_name":"innovation systems","score":0.828000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-capital-development","display_name":"human capital development","score":0.7379999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/technology-ecosystems","display_name":"technology ecosystems","score":0.7799999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-private-partnerships","display_name":"public-private partnerships","score":0.925000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/policy-coherence","display_name":"policy coherence","score":0.8489999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-south","display_name":"Global South","score":0.7860000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computing-power","display_name":"computational power","score":0.49300000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-quality","display_name":"data quality","score":0.8569999933242798}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776943663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165687","display_name":"Human capital","level":2,"score":0.6478000283241272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39389867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380767","display_name":"Corporate governance","level":2,"score":0.608299970626831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778137410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.6047000288963318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109986646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q546113","display_name":"Public policy","level":2,"score":0.45669999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27548731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q88272","display_name":"Investment (military)","level":3,"score":0.4528000056743622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101433766","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3543263","display_name":"Maturity (psychological)","level":2,"score":0.4311999976634979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555826173","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7174","display_name":"Democracy","level":3,"score":0.39980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.38370001316070557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148383697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1781695","display_name":"Regional science","level":1,"score":0.37389999628067017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C531593650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7167","display_name":"Colonialism","level":2,"score":0.3736000061035156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777382242","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6017816","display_name":"Index (typography)","level":2,"score":0.3589000105857849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.3531000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.35040000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.33899998664855957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29122968","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414816","display_name":"Incentive","level":2,"score":0.3377000093460083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83646750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193893","display_name":"Capital (architecture)","level":2,"score":0.33410000801086426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.3231000006198883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108115952","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5155650","display_name":"Comparative research","level":2,"score":0.3192000091075897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778849394","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5155633","display_name":"Comparative case","level":2,"score":0.31439998745918274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76474335","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215551","display_name":"Comparative advantage","level":2,"score":0.3059999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74363100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q273005","display_name":"Economic system","level":1,"score":0.27889999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.27379998564720154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100001284","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2248246","display_name":"Public economics","level":1,"score":0.2696000039577484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778719706","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6501447","display_name":"Local government","level":2,"score":0.26089999079704285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.2603999972343445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780526558","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1345314","display_name":"Good governance","level":3,"score":0.25929999351501465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83864248","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177323","display_name":"Developing country","level":2,"score":0.2563999891281128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136197465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","level":2,"score":0.25589999556541443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85890633","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q929673","display_name":"Capability Maturity Model","level":3,"score":0.2515000104904175}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.65826/ijpir.1.3.2026.58","doi":"https://doi.org/10.65826/ijpir.1.3.2026.58","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.65826/ijpir.1.3.2026.58","pdf_url":"https://ijpir.uk/index.php/pub/article/download/58/16","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5407055798","display_name":"International Journal of Politics and International Relations (IJPIR)","issn_l":"3108-6659","issn":["3108-6659"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Politics and International Relations (IJPIR)","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.65826/ijpir.1.3.2026.58","doi":"https://doi.org/10.65826/ijpir.1.3.2026.58","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.65826/ijpir.1.3.2026.58","pdf_url":"https://ijpir.uk/index.php/pub/article/download/58/16","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5407055798","display_name":"International Journal of Politics and International Relations (IJPIR)","issn_l":"3108-6659","issn":["3108-6659"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Politics and International Relations (IJPIR)","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8970999717712402,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"},{"score":0.6601999998092651,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7215043629.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7215043629.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":13,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1993629069","https://openalex.org/W2147111138","https://openalex.org/W3005462201","https://openalex.org/W3095440340","https://openalex.org/W3134395196","https://openalex.org/W3151872007","https://openalex.org/W3165398545","https://openalex.org/W4234005802","https://openalex.org/W4288793152","https://openalex.org/W4365813954","https://openalex.org/W4402659114","https://openalex.org/W4408209861","https://openalex.org/W7119521455"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7125281788","https://openalex.org/W7220083119","https://openalex.org/W7160101448","https://openalex.org/W7170148761","https://openalex.org/W7214564238","https://openalex.org/W7211940040","https://openalex.org/W7169841078","https://openalex.org/W7115014090","https://openalex.org/W7203821117","https://openalex.org/W7165372935"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Despite":[0],"a":[1,143,170],"shared":[2],"colonial":[3],"past,":[4],"geographic":[5],"proximity,":[6],"and":[7,89,91,107,122,145,161,178,180],"similar":[8,34],"form":[9],"of":[10,58,64,80,86,133,172,176],"democratic":[11],"\u200egovernment,":[12],"Bangladesh":[13,73,152],"has":[14,166],"consistently":[15],"scored":[16],"lower":[17],"than":[18],"India":[19,77,177],"in":[20,37,68,78,189],"the":[21,56,62,69,96,99,103,110,183,190],"Government":[22],"AI":[23,87,187],"\u200eReadiness":[24],"Index":[25],"(GARI).":[26],"This":[27,42,164],"research":[28],"attempts":[29],"to":[30,53,115,153,182],"answer":[31],"why":[32],"structurally":[33],"countries":[35],"\u200ediffer":[36],"their":[38],"readiness":[39],"for":[40],"AI.":[41],"study":[43,94,150],"combines":[44],"Most":[45],"Similar":[46],"Systems":[47],"Design":[48],"with":[49],"\u200equalitative":[50],"policy":[51,118,137],"analysis":[52],"help":[54],"identify":[55],"roots":[57],"this":[59],"gap":[60],"at":[61],"level":[63],"indicators":[65],"as":[66,129],"\u200edefined":[67],"GARI":[70],"2025":[71],"pillars.":[72],"significantly":[74],"lags":[75],"behind":[76],"terms":[79],"\u200ecomputing":[81],"power,":[82],"data":[83],"quality,":[84],"maturity":[85],"industry,":[88],"safety":[90],"security.":[92],"The":[93,149],"\u200eincorporates":[95],"historical":[97],"institutionalism,":[98],"state":[100],"capacity":[101],"model,":[102],"innovation":[104,147],"systems":[105],"\u200etheory":[106],"proposes":[108],"that":[109],"differences":[111],"can":[112],"be":[113],"attributed":[114],"institutional":[116],"capacity,":[117],"\u200ecoherence,":[119],"technological":[120],"ecosystems":[121],"human":[123,158],"capital":[124,159],"development.":[125],"These":[126],"are":[127],"emerging":[128],"\u200ethe":[130],"key":[131],"enablers":[132],"India\u2019s":[134],"edge":[135],"early":[136],"implementation,":[138],"strong":[139,144],"public-private":[140],"partnerships":[141],"\u200eand":[142],"established":[146],"ecosystem.":[148],"recommends":[151],"\u200eemphasize":[154],"on":[155,186],"strategic":[156],"coordination,":[157],"investment":[160],"governance":[162,188],"reform.":[163],"\u200estudy":[165],"been":[167],"conducted":[168],"within":[169],"framework":[171],"causal":[173],"theory,":[174],"comparison":[175],"\u200eBangladesh,":[179],"adds":[181],"existing":[184],"literature":[185],"Global":[191],"South.":[192]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2026-10-02T00:00:00"}