{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7215036744","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.30.26363196","title":"Benchmarking modular skills and fixed orchestration across six large language models in a meta-analysis task","display_name":"Benchmarking modular skills and fixed orchestration across six large language models in a meta-analysis task","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7215036744","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.30.26363196"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.09.30.26363196","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.30.26363196","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.30.26363196","pdf_url":"https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2026/10/01/2026.09.30.26363196.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3005729997","display_name":"medRxiv","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315909"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press"],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"medRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2026/10/01/2026.09.30.26363196.full.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5154139468","display_name":"Yaqing Xiao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-4922-5555","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0005-4922-5555"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yaqing Xiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Helixlife Technology Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-4922-5555","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Helixlife Technology Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101580137","display_name":"Yajun Gu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2954-0476","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2954-0476"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yajun Gu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Helixlife Technology Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2954-0476","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Helixlife Technology Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134392345","display_name":"Pengfei Xia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-8970-2735","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0000-8970-2735"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24943067","display_name":"Fudan University","ror":"https://ror.org/013q1eq08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210127074","display_name":"Zhongshan Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/032x22645","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210127074"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pengfei Xia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China","Helixlife Technology Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-8970-2735","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067","https://openalex.org/I4210127074"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Helixlife Technology Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5157705758","display_name":"Minying Deng","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24943067","display_name":"Fudan University","ror":"https://ror.org/013q1eq08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210127074","display_name":"Zhongshan Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/032x22645","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210127074"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Minying Deng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067","https://openalex.org/I4210127074"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134432590","display_name":"Shengyang Xie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-1145-2905","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0001-1145-2905"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24943067","display_name":"Fudan University","ror":"https://ror.org/013q1eq08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210127074","display_name":"Zhongshan Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/032x22645","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210127074"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shengyang Xie","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China","Helixlife Technology Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-1145-2905","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067","https://openalex.org/I4210127074"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Helixlife Technology Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5154231343","display_name":"Yingzhu Xing","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-5068-3209","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0003-5068-3209"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24943067","display_name":"Fudan University","ror":"https://ror.org/013q1eq08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210127074","display_name":"Zhongshan Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/032x22645","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210127074"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yingzhu Xing","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China","Helixlife Technology Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-5068-3209","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067","https://openalex.org/I4210127074"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Helixlife Technology Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041938275","display_name":"Haoyue Cheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3538-0678","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3538-0678"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24943067","display_name":"Fudan University","ror":"https://ror.org/013q1eq08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210127074","display_name":"Zhongshan Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/032x22645","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210127074"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haoyue Cheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067","https://openalex.org/I4210127074"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059855262","display_name":"Kun Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8723-7574","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8723-7574"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24943067","display_name":"Fudan University","ror":"https://ror.org/013q1eq08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210127074","display_name":"Zhongshan Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/032x22645","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210127074"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kun Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067","https://openalex.org/I4210127074"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134444152","display_name":"Qianyu Yao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-7370-8883","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0004-7370-8883"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24943067","display_name":"Fudan University","ror":"https://ror.org/013q1eq08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210127074","display_name":"Zhongshan Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/032x22645","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210127074"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qianyu Yao","raw_affiliation_strings":["AIPOCH PTE. LTD., Singapore","Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-7370-8883","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"AIPOCH PTE. LTD., Singapore","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067","https://openalex.org/I4210127074"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138428243","display_name":"Fei Sun (102854)","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-9610-1129","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0000-9610-1129"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24943067","display_name":"Fudan University","ror":"https://ror.org/013q1eq08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210127074","display_name":"Zhongshan Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/032x22645","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210127074"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fei Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["AIPOCH PTE. LTD., Singapore","Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-9610-1129","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"AIPOCH PTE. LTD., Singapore","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067","https://openalex.org/I4210127074"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100394241","display_name":"Yao Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4339-185X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4339-185X","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0001-0474"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24943067","display_name":"Fudan University","ror":"https://ror.org/013q1eq08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210127074","display_name":"Zhongshan Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/032x22645","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210127074"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China","Helixlife Technology Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067","https://openalex.org/I4210127074"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Helixlife Technology Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100394241","display_name":"Yao Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4339-185X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4339-185X","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0001-0474"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24943067","display_name":"Fudan University","ror":"https://ror.org/013q1eq08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210127074","display_name":"Zhongshan Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/032x22645","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210127074"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yao Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China","Helixlife Technology Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067","https://openalex.org/I4210127074"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Helixlife Technology Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134454515","display_name":"Xueqian Wen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-7701-1601","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0008-7701-1601"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24943067","display_name":"Fudan University","ror":"https://ror.org/013q1eq08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210127074","display_name":"Zhongshan Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/032x22645","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210127074"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xueqian Wen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China","Helixlife Technology Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-7701-1601","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067","https://openalex.org/I4210127074"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Helixlife Technology Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111133966","display_name":"Yingyong Hou","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24943067","display_name":"Fudan University","ror":"https://ror.org/013q1eq08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210127074","display_name":"Zhongshan Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/032x22645","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210127074"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yingyong Hou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067","https://openalex.org/I4210127074"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134367886","display_name":"Huimei Wang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24943067","display_name":"Fudan University","ror":"https://ror.org/013q1eq08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210127074","display_name":"Zhongshan Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/032x22645","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210127074"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Huimei Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["AIPOCH PTE. LTD., Singapore","Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"AIPOCH PTE. LTD., Singapore","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067","https://openalex.org/I4210127074"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5134367886"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067","https://openalex.org/I4210127074"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10206","display_name":"Meta-analysis and systematic reviews","score":0.986299991607666,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1804","display_name":"Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10206","display_name":"Meta-analysis and systematic reviews","score":0.986299991607666,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1804","display_name":"Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.004100000020116568,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13910","display_name":"Computational and Text Analysis Methods","score":0.00279999990016222,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3300","display_name":"General Social Sciences"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/large-language-models","display_name":"large language models","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meta-analysis","display_name":"meta-analysis","score":0.7979999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/systematic-reviews","display_name":"systematic reviews","score":0.6859999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/directed-acyclic-graphs","display_name":"directed acyclic graphs","score":0.8679999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-extraction","display_name":"data extraction","score":0.753000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/expert-evaluation","display_name":"expert evaluation","score":0.36800000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/randomized-controlled-trials","display_name":"randomized controlled trials","score":0.5230000019073486}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86251818","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816754","display_name":"Benchmarking","level":2,"score":0.7746000289916992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101468663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1620158","display_name":"Modular design","level":2,"score":0.6953999996185303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.6140000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6118999719619751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.5899999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C511192102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5156948","display_name":"Comprehension","level":2,"score":0.42399999499320984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.3391999900341034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3327000141143799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49937458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2599292","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","level":2,"score":0.3303999900817871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779903281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888026","display_name":"Modalities","level":2,"score":0.3276999890804291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12590798","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3933199","display_name":"Replication (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.3089999854564667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.30640000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114289077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3284399","display_name":"Statistical model","level":2,"score":0.2989000082015991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199168358","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3367000","display_name":"Orchestration","level":3,"score":0.2976999878883362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148524875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6975395","display_name":"F1 score","level":2,"score":0.2912999987602234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.2815000116825104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175154964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380077","display_name":"Task analysis","level":3,"score":0.2752000093460083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.2743000090122223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53537400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q140637","display_name":"Numeracy","level":3,"score":0.2711000144481659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168563851","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1436668","display_name":"Randomized controlled trial","level":2,"score":0.2702000141143799}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.09.30.26363196","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.30.26363196","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.30.26363196","pdf_url":"https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2026/10/01/2026.09.30.26363196.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3005729997","display_name":"medRxiv","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315909"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press"],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"medRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.09.30.26363196","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.30.26363196","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.30.26363196","pdf_url":"https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2026/10/01/2026.09.30.26363196.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3005729997","display_name":"medRxiv","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315909"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press"],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"medRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7215036744.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7215036744.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":10,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W4385474529","https://openalex.org/W4389518608","https://openalex.org/W4404534210","https://openalex.org/W4415795271","https://openalex.org/W4415798810","https://openalex.org/W4416530556","https://openalex.org/W7129079999","https://openalex.org/W7133327536","https://openalex.org/W7140299599","https://openalex.org/W7164319598"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4416839768","https://openalex.org/W7130578142","https://openalex.org/W7211923654","https://openalex.org/W7082671982","https://openalex.org/W7140148260","https://openalex.org/W7135037252","https://openalex.org/W7128745747","https://openalex.org/W7214362318","https://openalex.org/W4416300694","https://openalex.org/W7160961075"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Background":[1],"Large":[2],"language":[3],"models":[4,213],"(LLMs)":[5],"are":[6,43,283],"increasingly":[7],"used":[8],"to":[9,29,90,138,179,211,257,265],"support":[10],"systematic":[11],"review":[12],"and":[13,24,34,52,94,141,147,175,224,285],"meta-analysis,":[14],"but":[15,205],"complex":[16],"evidence":[17],"flow,":[18],"trial-family":[19],"identification,":[20],"study-level":[21],"data":[22,32],"extraction,":[23],"statistical":[25],"execution":[26],"remain":[27],"vulnerable":[28],"omissions,":[30],"untraceable":[31],"paths,":[33],"scientifically":[35],"flawed":[36],"steps.":[37],"It":[38],"remains":[39],"unclear":[40],"whether":[41,53],"gains":[42],"driven":[44],"by":[45,49,130,187],"modular":[46,91,182,258],"skills":[47,98,183,229,259,273],"or":[48,296],"fixed":[50,103,268],"orchestration,":[51],"these":[54],"effects":[55,290],"differ":[56],"across":[57],"base":[58],"models.":[59],"Methods":[60],"We":[61],"conducted":[62],"a":[63,101,203,277],"controlled,":[64],"multi-model":[65],"benchmark":[66,254],"in":[67],"which":[68],"six":[69],"LLMs":[70],"completed":[71],"the":[72,96,123,151,155,271],"same":[73,97,272],"randomized":[74],"controlled":[75],"trial":[76],"(RCT)":[77],"meta-analysis":[78,92,132,293],"task":[79],"under":[80,100],"three":[81,112],"conditions:":[82],"(A)":[83],"no":[84,225],"meta-analysis-specific":[85],"skills;":[86,93],"(B)":[87],"autonomous":[88],"access":[89,256],"(C)":[95],"executed":[99],"Quality-First":[102],"directed":[104],"acyclic":[105],"graph":[106],"(DAG).":[107],"Each":[108],"model":[109,140],"was":[110,122,136,160,169,245],"run":[111],"times":[113],"per":[114],"condition":[115,142,201],"(54":[116],"runs":[117],"total).":[118],"The":[119,198,281],"primary":[120],"outcome":[121],"scientific":[124,262],"performance":[125,263],"score":[126],"(SPS,":[127],"0\u2013100),":[128],"rated":[129],"two":[131,156],"experts;":[133],"one":[134],"expert":[135],"masked":[137],"explicit":[139],"labels":[143],"during":[144],"SPS":[145,168,186],"scoring,":[146],"final":[148],"scores":[149],"were":[150],"arithmetic":[152],"mean":[153,185,261],"of":[154,270],"raters.":[157],"Inter-rater":[158],"reliability":[159],"high":[161],"(SPS":[162],"ICC(A,2)":[163],"=":[164,196,218,222,235,240,249],"0.991).":[165],"Results":[166],"Mean":[167],"43.50":[170],"(condition":[171],"A),":[172],"55.65":[173],"(B),":[174],"54.44":[176],"(C).":[177],"Relative":[178],"unassisted":[180,212,266],"models,":[181,295],"improved":[184,260],"+12.15":[188],"points":[189],"(unadjusted":[190],"95%":[191],"CI":[192],"3.15\u201321.16;":[193],"Holm-adjusted":[194,220,238],"P":[195,221,239,248],"0.033).":[197],"combined":[199],"modular-skills-plus-fixed-DAG":[200],"showed":[202],"positive":[204],"not":[206,275,287],"statistically":[207],"significant":[208],"difference":[209],"relative":[210,264],"(":[214,231,247],"C":[215,232],"\u2212":[216,233,236],"A":[217],"+10.94;":[219],"0.073)":[223],"incremental":[226,279],"gain":[227],"over":[228],"alone":[230],"B":[234],"1.21;":[237],"0.746).":[241],"No":[242],"condition-by-model":[243],"interaction":[244],"detected":[246],"0.801).":[250],"Conclusions":[251],"In":[252],"this":[253],"task,":[255],"execution;":[267],"orchestration":[269,297],"did":[274],"provide":[276],"detectable":[278],"benefit.":[280],"findings":[282],"task-specific":[284],"do":[286],"establish":[288],"general":[289],"for":[291],"other":[292],"settings,":[294],"designs.":[298]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-09T13:22:03.289127","created_date":"2026-10-02T00:00:00"}
