{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7214996869","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2609.37722","title":"Detecting atmospheres in the presence of stellar contamination: an empirically calibrated framework applied to four JWST/NIRSpec PRISM transits of TRAPPIST-1c","display_name":"Detecting atmospheres in the presence of stellar contamination: an empirically calibrated framework applied to four JWST/NIRSpec PRISM transits of TRAPPIST-1c","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-09-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7214996869","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2609.37722"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2609.37722","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.37722","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2609.37722","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["arxiv","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2609.37722","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007573715","display_name":"Alexander D. Rathcke","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4227-4953","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4227-4953"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4396570579","display_name":"DTU Space","ror":"https://ror.org/01cyz3n15","country_code":"DK","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4396570579","https://openalex.org/I96673099"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I96673099","display_name":"Technical University of Denmark","ror":"https://ror.org/04qtj9h94","country_code":"DK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I96673099"]}],"countries":["DK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rathcke, Alexander D.","raw_affiliation_strings":["DTU Space , Technical University of Denmark , Elektrovej 328 , DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby , Denmark"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DTU Space , Technical University of Denmark , Elektrovej 328 , DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby , Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4396570579","https://openalex.org/I96673099"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045664975","display_name":"Lars A. Buchhave","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1605-5666","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1605-5666"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4396570579","display_name":"DTU Space","ror":"https://ror.org/01cyz3n15","country_code":"DK","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4396570579","https://openalex.org/I96673099"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I96673099","display_name":"Technical University of Denmark","ror":"https://ror.org/04qtj9h94","country_code":"DK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I96673099"]}],"countries":["DK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Buchhave, Lars A.","raw_affiliation_strings":["DTU Space , Technical University of Denmark , Elektrovej 328 , DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby , Denmark"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DTU Space , Technical University of Denmark , Elektrovej 328 , DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby , Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4396570579","https://openalex.org/I96673099"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10039","display_name":"Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10039","display_name":"Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12917","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysical Research","score":0.002099999925121665,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3105","display_name":"Instrumentation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10325","display_name":"Astro and Planetary Science","score":0.0005000000237487257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1912","display_name":"Space and Planetary Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stellar-contamination","display_name":"stellar contamination","score":0.6019999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmission-spectroscopy","display_name":"transmission spectroscopy","score":0.8669999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exoplanet-atmospheres","display_name":"exoplanet atmospheres","score":0.8830000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/water-vapor","display_name":"water vapor","score":0.3610000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/methane","display_name":"methane","score":0.9750000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/m-dwarfs","display_name":"M dwarfs","score":0.42100000381469727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rocky-exoplanets","display_name":"rocky exoplanets","score":0.7239999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/jwst-nirspec-prism","display_name":"JWST NIRSpec PRISM","score":0.7960000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transit-timing","display_name":"transit timing","score":0.36500000953674316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaussian-processes","display_name":"Gaussian processes","score":0.6209999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/injection-recovery-tests","display_name":"injection-recovery tests","score":0.7300000190734863}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97256817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1462316","display_name":"Spurious relationship","level":2,"score":0.718999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163479331","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44559","display_name":"Exoplanet","level":3,"score":0.6769000291824341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.6743000149726868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67666897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165896","display_name":"Prism","level":2,"score":0.5034999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44870925","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37547","display_name":"Astrophysics","level":1,"score":0.40049999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101638190","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6311","display_name":"Stellar atmosphere","level":3,"score":0.37229999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.3562999963760376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51553727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215913","display_name":"Circumstellar habitable zone","level":4,"score":0.35280001163482666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51244244","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q634","display_name":"Planet","level":2,"score":0.3353999853134155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.3133000135421753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151130387","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1758384","display_name":"Surface gravity","level":3,"score":0.29750001430511475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174576160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1183700","display_name":"Deconvolution","level":2,"score":0.2973000109195709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4839761","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q212111","display_name":"Spectral line","level":2,"score":0.287200003862381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99844830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q102441924","display_name":"Scaling","level":2,"score":0.27639999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778022998","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q651136","display_name":"Transit (satellite)","level":3,"score":0.27469998598098755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.27390000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.2728999853134155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.26649999618530273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133347239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q486921","display_name":"Isothermal process","level":2,"score":0.26499998569488525}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2609.37722","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.37722","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2609.37722","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2609.37722","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2609.37722","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2609.37722","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2609.37722","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.37722","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2609.37722","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G103270039","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NAS5-03127","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320314503","funder_display_name":"Space Telescope Science Institute"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G256731684","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NAS5-03127","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306101","funder_display_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5568641063","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"5-03127","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320314503","funder_display_name":"Space Telescope Science Institute"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306101","display_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/027ka1x80"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320314503","display_name":"Space Telescope Science Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/036f5mx38"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7214996869.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7214996869.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":1,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W6931625734"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7201875298","https://openalex.org/W4406309601","https://openalex.org/W7113915064","https://openalex.org/W4386969607","https://openalex.org/W4406595121","https://openalex.org/W4414062272","https://openalex.org/W4414062297","https://openalex.org/W2945659149","https://openalex.org/W6944140051","https://openalex.org/W4392657418"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Transmission":[0],"spectroscopy":[1],"of":[2,88,110,125,162,186,224,236,279],"rocky":[3],"exoplanets":[4],"orbiting":[5],"late":[6],"M":[7],"dwarfs":[8],"is":[9,169],"limited":[10,251],"by":[11,59,252,262],"stellar":[12,40,100,141,160,254,274],"contamination":[13,41,101],"rather":[14],"than":[15],"photon":[16],"noise.":[17],"We":[18,50,76],"present":[19],"a":[20,32,43,69,158,172],"framework":[21,79,114,270],"for":[22,37,129,176,189,273],"this":[23,78],"contamination-dominated":[24],"regime,":[25],"fitting":[26],"all":[27,177],"transit":[28],"epochs":[29],"jointly":[30],"with":[31,134,171,204,233],"Gaussian":[33],"process":[34],"per":[35,182,206],"epoch":[36],"the":[38,89,96,151,212,228,234,253,277],"time-varying":[39],"and":[42,55,83,121,144,201],"single":[44],"atmospheric":[45],"model":[46],"shared":[47],"across":[48],"epochs.":[49],"use":[51],"pure":[52],"CO$_2$,":[53],"H$_2$O,":[54],"CH$_4$":[56,145],"models":[57],"scaled":[58],"their":[60],"peak-to-trough":[61],"amplitude,":[62],"allowing":[63],"us":[64],"to":[65,73,94,105,221,271,282],"measure":[66],"how":[67],"large":[68],"signal":[70],"must":[71],"be":[72,74],"recovered.":[75],"calibrate":[77],"using":[80,219],"injection-recovery":[81],"tests":[82],"17":[84],"archival":[85],"JWST/PRISM":[86],"transits":[87,109,223,237],"airless":[90,152,174],"sibling":[91],"TRAPPIST-1":[92,111,167,225],"b":[93,226],"quantify":[95],"spurious":[97,148],"signals":[98,118,149,191],"that":[99],"alone":[102],"produces.":[103],"Applied":[104],"four":[106],"JWST/NIRSpec":[107],"PRISM":[108],"c,":[112],"our":[113,269],"recovers":[115],"injected":[116],"CO$_2$":[117,143,208,229,260],"without":[119],"bias":[120],"reaches":[122],"detection":[123,230],"thresholds":[124],"146":[126],"(171)":[127],"ppm":[128,136,188,243],"moderate":[130],"(strong)":[131],"evidence,":[132],"compared":[133],"96":[135],"if":[137],"there":[138],"were":[139],"no":[140,147],"contamination.":[142],"produce":[146],"on":[150],"control":[153],"planet,":[154],"whereas":[155],"H$_2$O":[156],"shows":[157,227],"persistent":[159],"floor":[161,255],"$+55":[163],"\\pm":[164],"34$":[165],"ppm.":[166],"c":[168],"consistent":[170],"featureless,":[173],"baseline":[175],"three":[178],"molecules.":[179],"Our":[180],"95":[181],"cent":[183,207],"upper":[184],"limit":[185],"90":[187],"CO$_2$-shaped":[190],"effectively":[192],"rules":[193],"out":[194],"clear,":[195],"isothermal":[196],"pure-CO$_2$":[197],"atmospheres":[198,203],"($\\geq$0.1":[199],"bar)":[200,210],"N$_2$-dominated":[202],"1":[205],"($\\geq$1":[209],"at":[211,244,276],"equilibrium":[213],"temperature.":[214],"An":[215],"empirical":[216],"scaling":[217],"study":[218],"2":[220,283],"10":[222],"threshold":[231],"decreasing":[232],"number":[235],"$k$":[238],"as":[239,285],"$k^{-0.6}$,":[240],"reaching":[241],"80":[242],"ten":[245],"transits,":[246],"while":[247],"water":[248],"searches":[249],"become":[250],"beyond":[256],"about":[257],"six":[258],"transits.":[259,287],"atmospheres,":[261],"contrast,":[263],"are":[264],"detectable":[265],"when":[266],"we":[267],"utilize":[268],"account":[272],"activity":[275],"cost":[278],"roughly":[280],"1.5":[281],"times":[284],"many":[286]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2026-10-01T00:00:00"}
