{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7214979296","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jrcr.jrcr_74_25","title":"Spectrum of Adverse Effects Associated with Immunotherapy and Biologicals in Patients with Malignancy","display_name":"Spectrum of Adverse Effects Associated with Immunotherapy and Biologicals in Patients with Malignancy","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-09-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7214979296","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jrcr.jrcr_74_25"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.4103/jrcr.jrcr_74_25","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jrcr.jrcr_74_25","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jrcr.jrcr_74_25","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210181172","display_name":"Journal of Radiation and Cancer Research","issn_l":"0973-0168","issn":["0973-0168","2468-9203","2588-9273"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320448","host_organization_name":"Medknow","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320448","https://openalex.org/P4310318547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Medknow","Wolters Kluwer"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Radiation and Cancer Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jrcr.jrcr_74_25","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018935054","display_name":"Gurjeet Singh Chowdhary","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2269-3579","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2269-3579"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gurjeet Singh Chowdhary","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medical Oncology, Indus Group of Hospitals, Mohali, Punjab, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medical Oncology, Indus Group of Hospitals, Mohali, Punjab, India","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5153625954","display_name":"Shaik Mohammed Ayub","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shaik Mohammed Ayub","raw_affiliation_strings":["Medical Division, Command Hospital, Chandimandir, Panchkula, Haryana, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Medical Division, Command Hospital, Chandimandir, Panchkula, Haryana, India","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135063814","display_name":"Rachna Gulati","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3130021832","display_name":"Shree Guru Gobind Singh Tricentenary University","ror":"https://ror.org/04kf25f32","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3130021832"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rachna Gulati","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Pathology, SGT Medical College and Hospital, Gurgaon, Haryana, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pathology, SGT Medical College and Hospital, Gurgaon, Haryana, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3130021832"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5153659617","display_name":"Manish Singh Ahuja","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3130021832","display_name":"Shree Guru Gobind Singh Tricentenary University","ror":"https://ror.org/04kf25f32","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3130021832"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Manish Singh Ahuja","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Anatomy, SGT Medical College and Hospital, Gurgaon, Haryana, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Anatomy, SGT Medical College and Hospital, Gurgaon, Haryana, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3130021832"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083296923","display_name":"S. Chowdhary","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7873-3517","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7873-3517"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shalini Chowdhary","raw_affiliation_strings":["ECHS Polyclinic, Command Hospital (WC), Chandimandir, Panchkula, Haryana, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ECHS Polyclinic, Command Hospital (WC), Chandimandir, Panchkula, Haryana, India","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069416565","display_name":"Atul Bhasin","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I307255591","display_name":"Max Healthcare","ror":"https://ror.org/02vdjrg05","country_code":"IN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I307255591"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210122912","display_name":"BLK Super Speciality Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/03tjs3938","country_code":"IN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210122912"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Atul Bhasin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Internal Medicine, BLK Max Hospital, New Delhi, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Internal Medicine, BLK Max Hospital, New Delhi, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I307255591","https://openalex.org/I4210122912"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.73077562,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10158","display_name":"Cancer Immunotherapy and Biomarkers","score":0.9932000041007996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2730","display_name":"Oncology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10158","display_name":"Cancer Immunotherapy and Biomarkers","score":0.9932000041007996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2730","display_name":"Oncology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11943","display_name":"Pharmacovigilance and Adverse Drug Reactions","score":0.004399999976158142,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3005","display_name":"Toxicology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/30","display_name":"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14072","display_name":"Immunotoxicology and immune responses","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2403","display_name":"Immunology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/24","display_name":"Immunology and Microbiology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/immunotherapy-adverse-events","display_name":"immunotherapy adverse events","score":0.7889999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biological-therapy","display_name":"biologic therapy","score":0.7049999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cancer-immunotherapy-toxicity","display_name":"cancer immunotherapy toxicity","score":0.6759999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/atezolizumab","display_name":"atezolizumab","score":0.8970000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pembrolizumab","display_name":"pembrolizumab","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nivolumab","display_name":"nivolumab","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bevacizumab","display_name":"bevacizumab","score":0.9779999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ipilimumab","display_name":"ipilimumab","score":0.8859999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/avelumab","display_name":"avelumab","score":0.9909999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hypothyroidism","display_name":"hypothyroidism","score":0.8289999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hypopituitarism","display_name":"hypopituitarism","score":0.9879999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acute-respiratory-distress-syndrome","display_name":"acute respiratory distress syndrome","score":0.7390000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/atrial-fibrillation","display_name":"atrial fibrillation","score":0.8370000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gastrointestinal-toxicity","display_name":"gastrointestinal toxicity","score":0.8840000033378601}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.934499979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197934379","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2047938","display_name":"Adverse effect","level":2,"score":0.7226999998092651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780030458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7041828","display_name":"Nivolumab","level":4,"score":0.689300000667572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775949291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20707748","display_name":"Atezolizumab","level":5,"score":0.6879000067710876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777793932","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1116229","display_name":"Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events","level":3,"score":0.6574000120162964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.6442999839782715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781433595","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2459042","display_name":"Ipilimumab","level":4,"score":0.6269999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777381376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21083261","display_name":"Avelumab","level":5,"score":0.6133999824523926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780057760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13896859","display_name":"Pembrolizumab","level":4,"score":0.5006999969482422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779399171","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1483951","display_name":"Malignancy","level":2,"score":0.4878999888896942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777701055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1427096","display_name":"Immunotherapy","level":3,"score":0.4657000005245209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121608353","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12078","display_name":"Cancer","level":2,"score":0.4514000117778778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143998085","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162555","display_name":"Oncology","level":1,"score":0.4196999967098236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C530470458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128581","display_name":"Breast cancer","level":3,"score":0.4099000096321106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.39500001072883606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23131810","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q818574","display_name":"Observational study","level":2,"score":0.3522000014781952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133507102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4712977","display_name":"Genitourinary system","level":2,"score":0.349700003862381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C535046627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30612","display_name":"Clinical trial","level":2,"score":0.32249999046325684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777742743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19904005","display_name":"Durvalumab","level":5,"score":0.32179999351501465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29730261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q274160","display_name":"Toxicity","level":2,"score":0.3142000138759613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778220009","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160105","display_name":"Cervical cancer","level":3,"score":0.29739999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778375690","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7814214","display_name":"Tolerability","level":3,"score":0.2842999994754791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776012195","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q754447","display_name":"Respiratory tract infections","level":3,"score":0.2815000116825104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776256026","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47912","display_name":"Lung cancer","level":2,"score":0.2768000066280365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777658100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180614","display_name":"Melanoma","level":2,"score":0.2689000070095062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777802072","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413299","display_name":"Bevacizumab","level":3,"score":0.2678000032901764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779490328","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q417542","display_name":"Sunitinib","level":3,"score":0.2669000029563904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61470247","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7229825","display_name":"Population study","level":3,"score":0.2563999891281128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141983124","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188008","display_name":"Respiratory distress","level":2,"score":0.25099998712539673}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.4103/jrcr.jrcr_74_25","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jrcr.jrcr_74_25","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jrcr.jrcr_74_25","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210181172","display_name":"Journal of Radiation and Cancer Research","issn_l":"0973-0168","issn":["0973-0168","2468-9203","2588-9273"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320448","host_organization_name":"Medknow","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320448","https://openalex.org/P4310318547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Medknow","Wolters Kluwer"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Radiation and Cancer Research","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.4103/jrcr.jrcr_74_25","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jrcr.jrcr_74_25","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jrcr.jrcr_74_25","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210181172","display_name":"Journal of Radiation and Cancer Research","issn_l":"0973-0168","issn":["0973-0168","2468-9203","2588-9273"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320448","host_organization_name":"Medknow","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320448","https://openalex.org/P4310318547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Medknow","Wolters Kluwer"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Radiation and Cancer Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":1.0}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2096322385","https://openalex.org/W2110216592","https://openalex.org/W2762777471","https://openalex.org/W2763064222","https://openalex.org/W2783137027","https://openalex.org/W2806838035","https://openalex.org/W2948303949","https://openalex.org/W2977365696","https://openalex.org/W2996181407","https://openalex.org/W3093668541","https://openalex.org/W3114165421","https://openalex.org/W3134238388","https://openalex.org/W4221040717","https://openalex.org/W4283811638","https://openalex.org/W4323539650","https://openalex.org/W4378232556","https://openalex.org/W4386617855","https://openalex.org/W4394570372","https://openalex.org/W4397017263","https://openalex.org/W4406873862","https://openalex.org/W4411293010"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4393006128","https://openalex.org/W4386617855","https://openalex.org/W2946115481","https://openalex.org/W3168161180","https://openalex.org/W3038337701","https://openalex.org/W3153591481","https://openalex.org/W3003430946","https://openalex.org/W4310754049","https://openalex.org/W4410804083","https://openalex.org/W4396596919"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0,30,73],"BSTRACT":[1],"Background:":[2],"This":[3],"study":[4,34],"aimed":[5],"to":[6,19,45,158,250],"determine":[7],"the":[8,15,38,82,100,140],"toxicity":[9],"profile":[10],"of":[11,40,71,75],"cancer":[12,53,137],"drugs":[13],"in":[14,37,218],"Indian":[16,25],"population":[17],"and":[18,28,32,64,89,151,180,188,201,209,225,233,245,255],"evaluate":[20],"their":[21],"usage":[22],"patterns":[23],"among":[24],"patients.":[26],"Materials":[27],"Methods:":[29],"prospective":[31],"observational":[33],"was":[35,110,127,139],"conducted":[36],"department":[39],"medicine":[41],"from":[42],"April":[43],"2023":[44],"March":[46],"2024.":[47],"Patients":[48],"aged":[49],"\u226518":[50],"years":[51],"with":[52,66,116,171,184,206],"receiving":[54],"immunotherapy":[55],"or":[56],"biological":[57],"therapy":[58],"were":[59,78,92,97,134,156,164,182,204],"enrolled,":[60],"excluding":[61],"pregnant/postpartum":[62],"women":[63],"those":[65],"central":[67],"nervous":[68],"system-related":[69],"causes":[70],"weakness.":[72],"total":[74],"152":[76],"patients":[77,221],"included":[79,146],"based":[80],"on":[81,222],"sample":[83],"size":[84],"estimation.":[85],"Demographic,":[86],"clinical,":[87],"laboratory,":[88],"imaging":[90],"evaluations":[91],"performed.":[93],"Adverse":[94,105],"events":[95,161],"(AEs)":[96],"graded":[98],"using":[99,112],"Common":[101],"Terminology":[102],"Criteria":[103],"for":[104],"Events":[106],"v5.0.":[107],"Statistical":[108],"analysis":[109],"performed":[111],"Fisher\u2019s":[113],"exact":[114],"test,":[115],"P":[117,174,192,212,228],"<":[118,175,193,213],"0.05":[119],"considered":[120],"statistically":[121],"significant.":[122],"Results:":[123],"The":[124],"mean":[125],"age":[126],"45.76":[128],"\u00b1":[129],"12.6":[130],"years;":[131],"117":[132],"(76.97%)":[133],"males.":[135],"Breast":[136],"(16.45%)":[138],"most":[141],"frequent":[142,183],"diagnosis.":[143],"Drugs":[144],"administered":[145],"atezolizumab":[147],"(20.39%),":[148],"pembrolizumab":[149],"(17.11%),":[150],"nivolumab":[152],"(14.47%).":[153],"Most":[154],"AEs":[155,178,216],"mild":[157],"moderate.":[159],"Cardiac":[160],"(atrial":[162],"fibrillation/flutter)":[163],"mainly":[165],"Grade":[166,239,251],"III\u2013IV,":[167],"occurring":[168],"more":[169],"often":[170],"bevacizumab":[172],"(":[173,227],"0.0001).":[176,194,214],"Endocrine":[177],"(hypothyroidism":[179],"hypopituitarism)":[181],"atezolizumab,":[185,208],"nivolumab,":[186],"ipilimumab,":[187,224],"avelumab":[189,226],"(100%":[190],"each,":[191],"Respiratory":[195],"toxicities":[196,247],"(acute":[197],"respiratory":[198,244],"distress":[199],"syndrome":[200],"allergic":[202],"rhinitis)":[203],"severe":[205],"pembrolizumab,":[207],"ipilimumab":[210],"(>80%,":[211],"Gastrointestinal":[215],"occurred":[217],"nearly":[219],"all":[220],"bevacizumab,":[223],"=":[229],"0.004).":[230],"Conclusion:":[231],"Immunotherapies":[232],"biologicals":[234],"produced":[235],"diverse":[236],"AEs,":[237],"predominantly":[238],"I\u2013II,":[240],"but":[241],"clinically":[242],"significant":[243],"neurological":[246],"occasionally":[248],"progressed":[249],"IV\u2013V.":[252],"Vigilant":[253],"monitoring":[254],"individualized":[256],"management":[257],"are":[258],"essential.":[259]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-14T16:39:01.820549","created_date":"2026-10-01T00:00:00"}
