{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7214975002","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2609.36225","title":"Providing Rapid Design Feedback for 3D Obstacle Course Games Using Constrained Solvability Queries","display_name":"Providing Rapid Design Feedback for 3D Obstacle Course Games Using Constrained Solvability Queries","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-09-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7214975002","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2609.36225"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2609.36225","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.36225","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2609.36225","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["arxiv","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2609.36225","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090699003","display_name":"Zander Majercik","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Majercik, Zander","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University , USA and"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University , USA and","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033088959","display_name":"Sharon Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6738-8906","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6738-8906"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhang, Sharon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Roblox , USA","Stanford University , USA and"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Roblox , USA","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University , USA and","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5151352656","display_name":"William Wang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wang, William","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081429561","display_name":"Tejan Karmali","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9774-1547","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9774-1547"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Karmali, Tejan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University , Stanford , California , USA;","and Roblox , San Mateo , California , USA;"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University , Stanford , California , USA;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"and Roblox , San Mateo , California , USA;","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5153612572","display_name":"Fangjun Zhou","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhou, Fangjun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford Uni- versity , Stanford , California , USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford Uni- versity , Stanford , California , USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5130703775","display_name":"YuCheng Yuan","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuan, Yucheng","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5106853898","display_name":"Jean-Pe\u00efc Chou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-8381-7686","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0001-8381-7686"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chou, Jean-Pe\u00efc","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University , Stanford , California , USA;","and Roblox , San Mateo , California , USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University , Stanford , California , USA;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"and Roblox , San Mateo , California , USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045835385","display_name":"Maneesh Agrawala","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8996-7327","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8996-7327"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Agrawala, Maneesh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University , Stanford , California , USA","and Roblox , San Mateo , California , USA; Kayvon Fatahalian , ,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University , Stanford , California , USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"and Roblox , San Mateo , California , USA; Kayvon Fatahalian , ,","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037444018","display_name":"Kayvon Fatahalian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8754-0429","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8754-0429"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fatahalian, Kayvon","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11574","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Games","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11574","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Games","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11197","display_name":"Digital Games and Media","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10462","display_name":"Reinforcement Learning in Robotics","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exploratory-search","display_name":"exploratory search","score":0.9819999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"reinforcement learning","score":0.5899999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/procedural-level-generation","display_name":"procedural level generation","score":0.7289999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/solution-path","display_name":"solution path","score":0.5249999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interactive-design-tool","display_name":"interactive design tool","score":0.5099999904632568}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776650193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q264661","display_name":"Obstacle","level":2,"score":0.9247999787330627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7813000082969666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2164484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5170150","display_name":"Core (optical fiber)","level":2,"score":0.5001000165939331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.49230000376701355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777552389","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1962728","display_name":"Course (navigation)","level":2,"score":0.4803999960422516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.4674000144004822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.4474000036716461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4368000030517578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31352089","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3750474","display_name":"Systems design","level":2,"score":0.42649999260902405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6683253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7075535","display_name":"Obstacle avoidance","level":4,"score":0.4244000017642975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.3294999897480011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.32690000534057617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85973986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1091731","display_name":"Exploratory research","level":2,"score":0.30889999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136197465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","level":2,"score":0.3003999888896942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C503285160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q858057","display_name":"Game design","level":2,"score":0.265500009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14501506","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5253831","display_name":"Design pattern","level":2,"score":0.2653000056743622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58328972","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184609","display_name":"Expert system","level":2,"score":0.25369998812675476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.25279998779296875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33276779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1943363","display_name":"Design elements and principles","level":2,"score":0.250900000333786}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2609.36225","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.36225","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2609.36225","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2609.36225","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2609.36225","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2609.36225","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2609.36225","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.36225","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2609.36225","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2231840415","display_name":"Collaborative Research: FMitF: Track I: End-usser Programming for CAD Systems via Language Design and Synthesis","funder_award_id":"2219864","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309480","display_name":"Nvidia","ror":"https://ror.org/03jdj4y14"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310572","display_name":"Brown Institute for Media Innovation","ror":"https://ror.org/02awzbn54"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7214975002.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7214975002.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1969483458","https://openalex.org/W1977216534","https://openalex.org/W1982809790","https://openalex.org/W2053710578","https://openalex.org/W2076024895","https://openalex.org/W2152468133","https://openalex.org/W2170567160","https://openalex.org/W2199708740","https://openalex.org/W2736601468","https://openalex.org/W2751195728","https://openalex.org/W2766324411","https://openalex.org/W2896966958","https://openalex.org/W3000499753","https://openalex.org/W3088918749","https://openalex.org/W3094597259","https://openalex.org/W3136571553","https://openalex.org/W4247620880","https://openalex.org/W4286615894","https://openalex.org/W4312776598","https://openalex.org/W4385275458","https://openalex.org/W4385282682","https://openalex.org/W4385483775","https://openalex.org/W4389302215","https://openalex.org/W4392019524","https://openalex.org/W4403333950","https://openalex.org/W4404004571"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1578832762","https://openalex.org/W1132402028","https://openalex.org/W2329632158","https://openalex.org/W2317092832","https://openalex.org/W4393082731","https://openalex.org/W2729964169","https://openalex.org/W2923067854","https://openalex.org/W2214394222","https://openalex.org/W4400361481","https://openalex.org/W7037223610"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,160,219],"present":[1],"a":[2,29,49,53,63,72,106,137],"system":[3,30,101,204,233],"that":[4,42,113,129,206],"aids":[5],"the":[6,76,100,130,164,180,211,214,216],"design":[7,125,139,190],"of":[8,36,66,75,132,182,199],"3D":[9],"obstacle":[10,41,67,87,109,150],"course":[11,110],"games":[12],"by":[13],"providing":[14],"designers":[15,146,168,217],"with":[16,85],"rapid":[17,138],"feedback":[18],"on":[19],"how":[20,163],"obstacles":[21,200,212],"can":[22,151,166],"be":[23,152,158],"solved.":[24,159],"Our":[25],"core":[26],"contribution":[27],"is":[28,141],"for":[31,33,79,222],"querying":[32],"solutions":[34],"(sequences":[35],"player":[37],"actions)":[38],"to":[39,44,144,187],"an":[40,86,149],"adhere":[43],"designer-specified":[45],"constraints":[46],"(e.g.,":[47],"avoid":[48],"region,":[50],"travel":[51],"through":[52],"given":[54],"waypoint,":[55],"only":[56],"perform":[57],"two":[58],"jumps,":[59],"etc.).":[60],"To":[61,96],"solve":[62],"wide":[64],"range":[65],"designs":[68],"quickly,":[69],"we":[70,127],"author":[71],"high-performance":[73],"implementation":[74],"GoExplore":[77],"algorithm":[78],"exploratory":[80],"search,":[81,99],"and":[82,178,229],"guide":[83],"search":[84],"solving":[88],"agent":[89],"trained":[90],"offline":[91],"using":[92,105,202],"reinforcement":[93],"learning":[94],"(RL).":[95],"further":[97],"accelerate":[98],"carries":[102],"out":[103],"exploration":[104],"custom":[107],"GPU-accelerated":[108],"game":[111],"simulator":[112],"generates":[114],"playthrough":[115],"experience":[116],"at":[117,234],"nearly":[118],"14,000$\\times$":[119],"real":[120],"time,":[121],"60-fps":[122],"gameplay.":[123],"Through":[124],"studies,":[126],"demonstrate":[128],"use":[131],"constrained":[133],"solvability":[134],"queries":[135],"in":[136,213],"loop":[140],"sufficiently":[142],"expressive":[143],"help":[145],"understand":[147],"ways":[148],"solved":[153],"or":[154],"why":[155],"it":[156],"cannot":[157],"also":[161],"show":[162],"tool":[165],"let":[167],"answer":[169],"higher-level":[170],"questions":[171],"such":[172],"as":[173],"identifying":[174],"undesirable":[175],"solution":[176],"paths":[177],"assessing":[179],"difficulty":[181],"solutions.":[183],"This":[184],"allows":[185],"them":[186],"pursue":[188],"new":[189],"directions":[191],"they":[192],"did":[193],"not":[194],"originally":[195],"anticipate.":[196],"Human":[197],"playtesting":[198],"designed":[201],"our":[203,223],"confirms":[205],"human":[207],"players":[208],"indeed":[209],"play":[210],"manner":[215],"intended.":[218],"release":[220],"code":[221],"interactive":[224],"tool,":[225],"simulator,":[226],"training":[227],"setup,":[228],"procedural":[230],"level":[231],"generation":[232],"https://zandermajercik.github.io/interactive-obstacle-course-feedback/.":[235]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2026-10-01T00:00:00"}
