{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7214959007","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2609.35903","title":"Revisiting the Duff Argument in Cosmology: From Dimensional Quantities to Cross-Epoch Observables","display_name":"Revisiting the Duff Argument in Cosmology: From Dimensional Quantities to Cross-Epoch Observables","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-09-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7214959007","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2609.35903"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2609.35903","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.35903","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2609.35903","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["arxiv","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2609.35903","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007635179","display_name":"Seokcheon Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0861-1300","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0861-1300"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I848706","display_name":"Sungkyunkwan University","ror":"https://ror.org/04q78tk20","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I848706"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lee, Seokcheon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physics , Institute of Basic Science , Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon 16419 , Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics , Institute of Basic Science , Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon 16419 , Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I848706"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5007635179"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I848706"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10095","display_name":"Cosmology and Gravitation Theories","score":0.9585000276565552,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10095","display_name":"Cosmology and Gravitation Theories","score":0.9585000276565552,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11960","display_name":"Relativity and Gravitational Theory","score":0.029200000688433647,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11415","display_name":"Noncommutative and Quantum Gravity Theories","score":0.0066999997943639755,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3106","display_name":"Nuclear and High Energy Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/varying-speed-of-light","display_name":"variable speed of light","score":0.9559999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robertson-walker-spacetime","display_name":"Robertson-Walker spacetime","score":0.8600000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cosmological-time-dilation","display_name":"cosmological time dilation","score":0.7070000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hamiltonian-constraint","display_name":"Hamiltonian constraint","score":0.6869999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cosmological-principle","display_name":"cosmological principle","score":0.7080000042915344}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.7103000283241272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136886441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q926129","display_name":"Normalization (sociology)","level":2,"score":0.5698000192642212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33332235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18362","display_name":"Theoretical physics","level":1,"score":0.5418000221252441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166861157","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q59151","display_name":"Cosmological constant","level":2,"score":0.512499988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184050105","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q273163","display_name":"Isotropy","level":2,"score":0.4738999903202057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96402334","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3030793","display_name":"Space time","level":2,"score":0.4453999996185303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.430400013923645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2880193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q319903","display_name":"Cosmological principle","level":5,"score":0.4108999967575073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121864883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q677916","display_name":"Statistical physics","level":1,"score":0.3840000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992891135","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18346","display_name":"Cosmological model","level":3,"score":0.35589998960494995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74650414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11397","display_name":"Classical mechanics","level":1,"score":0.35420000553131104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118534291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q692197","display_name":"Lambda-CDM model","level":4,"score":0.3474000096321106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66882249","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q169336","display_name":"Homogeneous","level":2,"score":0.3425000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37914503","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q156495","display_name":"Mathematical physics","level":1,"score":0.3366999924182892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33024259","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76250","display_name":"Redshift","level":3,"score":0.3336000144481659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777027219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1284190","display_name":"Constant (computer programming)","level":2,"score":0.3312999904155731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26405456","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q338","display_name":"Cosmology","level":2,"score":0.32109999656677246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778086583","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3363554","display_name":"Deceleration parameter","level":4,"score":0.30630001425743103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130187892","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133327","display_name":"Spacetime","level":2,"score":0.305400013923645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13355873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920850","display_name":"Connection (principal bundle)","level":2,"score":0.3019999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C208081375","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q274502","display_name":"Degrees of freedom (physics and chemistry)","level":2,"score":0.3019999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94731429","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q319903","display_name":"Perfect Cosmological Principle","level":5,"score":0.29260000586509705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142259097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891314","display_name":"Homogeneity (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.2919999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132074034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q154210","display_name":"Congruence (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.2858999967575073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84269361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179235","display_name":"Phenomenology (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.28279998898506165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779165322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q546145","display_name":"Compactification (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.2736000120639801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25343380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q277521","display_name":"Relation (database)","level":2,"score":0.2702000141143799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200741047","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1957758","display_name":"Integrable system","level":2,"score":0.26739999651908875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148043351","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4456944","display_name":"Current (fluid)","level":2,"score":0.2671999931335449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168167062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1117970","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.2667999863624573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14828074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186559","display_name":"Arrow of time","level":3,"score":0.2554999887943268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84999194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1","display_name":"Universe","level":2,"score":0.2529999911785126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99844830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q102441924","display_name":"Scaling","level":2,"score":0.250900000333786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776291640","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2912517","display_name":"Value (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.2508000135421753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.25040000677108765}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2609.35903","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.35903","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2609.35903","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2609.35903","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2609.35903","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2609.35903","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2609.35903","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.35903","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2609.35903","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4529588429","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NRF-2022R1A2C1005050","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6611601355","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022R1A2C1005050","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G801461143","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NRF-2022R1A2C1005050","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/013aysd81"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/01wpjm123"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7214959007.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7214959007.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1532239545","https://openalex.org/W1559506061","https://openalex.org/W1619223847","https://openalex.org/W1675033030","https://openalex.org/W1903998551","https://openalex.org/W2024946969","https://openalex.org/W2037089030","https://openalex.org/W2089711430","https://openalex.org/W2110984784","https://openalex.org/W2124525630","https://openalex.org/W2126888091","https://openalex.org/W2140486468","https://openalex.org/W2144202032","https://openalex.org/W2462586645","https://openalex.org/W2537863638","https://openalex.org/W3017483760","https://openalex.org/W3098815394","https://openalex.org/W3152905009","https://openalex.org/W4256459477","https://openalex.org/W4282961335","https://openalex.org/W4328118486","https://openalex.org/W4383894624","https://openalex.org/W4388248652","https://openalex.org/W4394603500","https://openalex.org/W4401788352","https://openalex.org/W4403633060","https://openalex.org/W4405729352","https://openalex.org/W4410398700","https://openalex.org/W7131835555"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4417071146","https://openalex.org/W3011978937","https://openalex.org/W2530887681","https://openalex.org/W7106809854","https://openalex.org/W7096291194","https://openalex.org/W7100914882","https://openalex.org/W3041074522","https://openalex.org/W2995540606","https://openalex.org/W6968623538","https://openalex.org/W7203543940"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,80,236],"standard":[1],"Duff-type":[2],"argument":[3],"states":[4],"that":[5,88],"the":[6,20,44,58,65,75,124,129,133,150,221,229,243],"numerical":[7],"variation":[8],"of":[9,47,96,128,138,224,232],"a":[10,55,94,104,162,188,200],"dimensional":[11,226],"constant":[12],"is":[13,28,40],"unit-dependent":[14],"when":[15,194],"considered":[16],"in":[17],"isolation":[18],"from":[19,228],"physical":[21,153],"standards":[22],"used":[23],"to":[24,42,110,148,172],"compare":[25],"it,":[26],"and":[27,61,68,215],"therefore":[29],"not":[30,85,239],"by":[31,113,240],"itself":[32,241],"an":[33],"observable.":[34],"We":[35,219],"ask":[36],"whether":[37],"this":[38,207],"conclusion":[39],"sufficient":[41],"determine":[43,242],"observational":[45,230],"status":[46],"complete":[48,233],"relations":[49],"connecting":[50],"different":[51],"cosmological":[52,59],"epochs.":[53],"In":[54,132],"Robertson--Walker":[56,91],"spacetime,":[57],"principle":[60],"Weyl's":[62],"postulate":[63],"fix":[64],"homogeneous":[66,97,157],"geometry":[67],"fundamental":[69],"timelike":[70],"congruence":[71],"without":[72],"uniquely":[73],"fixing":[74],"temporal":[76,98],"rate":[77],"along":[78],"it.":[79],"Hamiltonian":[81],"constraint":[82],"likewise":[83],"does":[84,238],"dynamically":[86],"select":[87],"rate.":[89],"Consequently,":[90],"spacetime":[92],"admits":[93],"family":[95],"parametrizations.":[99],"Generalized":[100],"Cosmological":[101,203],"Time":[102],"retains":[103],"specified":[105],"common":[106],"member,":[107],"T_G,":[108,119],"related":[109],"proper":[111],"time":[112,204],"d":[114,118],"tau":[115],"=":[116],"N_G":[117],"with":[120],"(tau,":[121],"1)":[122],"as":[123],"unit-rate":[125],"special":[126],"member":[127],"same":[130,151],"class.":[131],"minimally":[134],"extended":[135],"varying":[136],"speed":[137],"light":[139],"framework,":[140],"length--mass--time":[141],"quantities":[142,227],"obey":[143],"correlated":[144],"slice-wise":[145],"scalings":[146,160],"chosen":[147],"preserve":[149],"local":[152,167,180,185],"laws":[154],"on":[155,212],"every":[156],"hypersurface.":[158],"These":[159],"form":[161],"unit-rescaling":[163],"structure,":[164],"so":[165],"purely":[166],"dimensionless":[168],"observables":[169,175],"are":[170,198],"insensitive":[171],"N_G.":[173],"Cross-epoch":[174],"require":[176,184],"more":[177],"than":[178],"such":[179],"scalings.":[181],"They":[182],"also":[183],"reference":[186],"standards,":[187],"propagation":[189],"or":[190],"comparison":[191],"map,":[192],"and,":[193],"distinct":[195],"source":[196,213,217],"populations":[197],"compared,":[199],"source-equivalence":[201],"prescription.":[202],"dilation":[205],"illustrates":[206],"distinction:":[208],"its":[209],"interpretation":[210],"depends":[211],"standardization":[214],"residual":[216],"evolution.":[218],"distinguish":[220],"unit":[222],"dependence":[223],"individual":[225],"content":[231],"cross-epoch":[234],"relations.":[235],"former":[237],"latter.":[244]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-08T12:12:28.789561","created_date":"2026-10-01T00:00:00"}