{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7214950255","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44163-026-02394-7","title":"A structured exploratory multidisciplinary evaluation of four large language models responding to frequently asked patient questions about pregabalin","display_name":"A structured exploratory multidisciplinary evaluation of four large language models responding to frequently asked patient questions about pregabalin","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-09-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7214950255","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44163-026-02394-7"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44163-026-02394-7","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44163-026-02394-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44163-026-02394-7","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44163-026-02394-7.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210220416","display_name":"Discover Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2731-0809","issn":["2731-0809"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","norway-1","oarl"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Discover Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44163-026-02394-7.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093778898","display_name":"Yannick Laurent Tchenadoyo Bayala","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-9095-8948","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0004-9095-8948"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405260921","display_name":"CHU de Bogodogo","ror":"https://ror.org/04g2dap11","country_code":"BF","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405260921"]}],"countries":["BF"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yannick Laurent Tchenadoyo Bayala","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Rheumatology, Bogodogo University Hospital Center, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-9095-8948","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Rheumatology, Bogodogo University Hospital Center, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405260921"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068820518","display_name":"Isma\u00ebl Ayouba Tinni","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5809-7576","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5809-7576"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162239","display_name":"National Hospital Niamey","ror":"https://ror.org/02ssjh827","country_code":"NE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210162239"]}],"countries":["NE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ismael Ayouba Tinni","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Rheumatology, Amirou Boubacar Diallo National Hospital Center, Niamey, Niger"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5809-7576","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Rheumatology, Amirou Boubacar Diallo National Hospital Center, Niamey, Niger","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162239"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5153630057","display_name":"Thierry Boris Wend-Yam Yam\u00e9ogo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-3399-8177","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0004-3399-8177"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405260921","display_name":"CHU de Bogodogo","ror":"https://ror.org/04g2dap11","country_code":"BF","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405260921"]}],"countries":["BF"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thierry Boris Wend-Yam Yam\u00e9ogo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Hospital pharmacy, Bogodogo University Hospital Center, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-3399-8177","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Hospital pharmacy, Bogodogo University Hospital Center, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405260921"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093378626","display_name":"Abdoul Nassir Porgo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-7098-2024","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0005-7098-2024"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405260921","display_name":"CHU de Bogodogo","ror":"https://ror.org/04g2dap11","country_code":"BF","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405260921"]}],"countries":["BF"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdoul Nassir Porgo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Neurology, Bogodogo University Hospital Center, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-7098-2024","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neurology, Bogodogo University Hospital Center, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405260921"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093378624","display_name":"Wendlassida Martin Nacanabo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-2047-1830","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0002-2047-1830"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405260921","display_name":"CHU de Bogodogo","ror":"https://ror.org/04g2dap11","country_code":"BF","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405260921"]}],"countries":["BF"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wendlassida Martin Nacanabo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Cardiology, Bogodogo University Hospital Center, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-2047-1830","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Cardiology, Bogodogo University Hospital Center, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405260921"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5153587976","display_name":"Abdoul Djalidou Traor\u00e9","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-9120-3718","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0003-9120-3718"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405260921","display_name":"CHU de Bogodogo","ror":"https://ror.org/04g2dap11","country_code":"BF","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405260921"]}],"countries":["BF"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdoul Djalidou Traor\u00e9","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Rheumatology, Bogodogo University Hospital Center, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-9120-3718","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Rheumatology, Bogodogo University Hospital Center, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405260921"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001675520","display_name":"Abdoul Aziz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8431-9200","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8431-9200"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdoul Aziz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Rheumatology, General Hospital Center of Garoua, Garoua, Cameroon"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8431-9200","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Rheumatology, General Hospital Center of Garoua, Garoua, Cameroon","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101832666","display_name":"Fulgence Kabor\u00e9","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6541-5352","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6541-5352"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405260921","display_name":"CHU de Bogodogo","ror":"https://ror.org/04g2dap11","country_code":"BF","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405260921"]}],"countries":["BF"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fulgence Kabor\u00e9","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Rheumatology, Bogodogo University Hospital Center, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6541-5352","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Rheumatology, Bogodogo University Hospital Center, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405260921"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112726620","display_name":"Wendlassida Jo\u00eblle St\u00e9phanie Zabsonr\u00e9 Tiendr\u00e9beogo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8098-2697","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8098-2697"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405260921","display_name":"CHU de Bogodogo","ror":"https://ror.org/04g2dap11","country_code":"BF","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405260921"]}],"countries":["BF"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wendlassida Joelle St\u00e9phanie Zabson Tiendrebeogo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Rheumatology, Bogodogo University Hospital Center, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8098-2697","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Rheumatology, Bogodogo University Hospital Center, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405260921"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035249786","display_name":"Dieu\u2010Donn\u00e9 Ouedraogo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2625-2516","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2625-2516"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405260921","display_name":"CHU de Bogodogo","ror":"https://ror.org/04g2dap11","country_code":"BF","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405260921"]}],"countries":["BF"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dieu-Donn\u00e9 Ou\u00e9draogo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Rheumatology, Bogodogo University Hospital Center, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2625-2516","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Rheumatology, Bogodogo University Hospital Center, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405260921"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5093778898"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405260921"],"apc_list":{"value":1590,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1590},"apc_paid":{"value":1590,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1590},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10737","display_name":"Health Literacy and Information Accessibility","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3600","display_name":"General Health Professions"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13970","display_name":"Pharmacy and Medical Practices","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3611","display_name":"Pharmacy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/large-language-models","display_name":"large language models","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pregabalin","display_name":"pregabalin","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/patient-information","display_name":"patient information","score":0.5339999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frequently-asked-questions","display_name":"frequently asked questions","score":0.878000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gpt-4o","display_name":"GPT-4o","score":0.8140000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gemini-2-0-flash","display_name":"Gemini 2.0 Flash","score":0.8429999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/copilot","display_name":"Copilot","score":0.9380000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/claude-3-5-sonnet","display_name":"Claude 3.5 Sonnet","score":0.9810000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/warning-compliance","display_name":"warning compliance","score":0.628000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hallucinations","display_name":"hallucinations","score":0.7929999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drug-safety","display_name":"drug safety","score":0.5789999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inter-rater-reliability","display_name":"inter-rater reliability","score":0.6919999718666077}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22467394","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q849359","display_name":"Multidisciplinary approach","level":2,"score":0.5835999846458435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.5461000204086304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.5454999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104709138","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1671540","display_name":"Intraclass correlation","level":3,"score":0.5313000082969666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23131810","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q818574","display_name":"Observational study","level":2,"score":0.5141000151634216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44249647","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208498","display_name":"Confidence interval","level":2,"score":0.5034999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.36309999227523804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70410870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199906","display_name":"Clinical psychology","level":1,"score":0.35580000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75630572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q538904","display_name":"Applied psychology","level":1,"score":0.3467000126838684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777548347","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5456937","display_name":"Flagging","level":2,"score":0.34130001068115234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74196892","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7781188","display_name":"Thematic analysis","level":3,"score":0.326200008392334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C535046627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30612","display_name":"Clinical trial","level":2,"score":0.32330000400543213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017944768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1450463","display_name":"Poison control","level":2,"score":0.3140000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.31200000643730164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779356329","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q922625","display_name":"Checklist","level":2,"score":0.3100000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779473830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540899","display_name":"MEDLINE","level":2,"score":0.30979999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111640148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q847349","display_name":"Rubric","level":2,"score":0.3028999865055084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.29989999532699585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173633133","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2110223","display_name":"Raw score","level":3,"score":0.2874000072479248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166735990","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1750812","display_name":"Human factors and ergonomics","level":3,"score":0.2827000021934509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781140086","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q557945","display_name":"Confusion","level":2,"score":0.2793000042438507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163864269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1107106","display_name":"Cohen's kappa","level":2,"score":0.2782000005245209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C509550671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126945","display_name":"Medical education","level":1,"score":0.2687999904155731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19776675","display_name":"Commit","level":2,"score":0.2669000029563904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C534262118","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177719","display_name":"Medical diagnosis","level":2,"score":0.26669999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190385971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q373494","display_name":"Injury prevention","level":3,"score":0.26589998602867126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778724333","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14401","display_name":"Kappa","level":2,"score":0.2630000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85973986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1091731","display_name":"Exploratory research","level":2,"score":0.2572000026702881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C526869908","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3298118","display_name":"Suicide prevention","level":3,"score":0.2567000091075897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C512399662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3505712","display_name":"Family medicine","level":1,"score":0.2526000142097473}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44163-026-02394-7","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44163-026-02394-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44163-026-02394-7","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44163-026-02394-7.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210220416","display_name":"Discover Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2731-0809","issn":["2731-0809"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","norway-1","oarl"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Discover Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:e6f86ab6ad0e40c3bba3420f2978f3cd","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/e6f86ab6ad0e40c3bba3420f2978f3cd","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Discover Artificial Intelligence, Vol 6, Iss 1 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44163-026-02394-7","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44163-026-02394-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44163-026-02394-7","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44163-026-02394-7.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210220416","display_name":"Discover Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2731-0809","issn":["2731-0809"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","norway-1","oarl"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Discover Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.98580002784729}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7214950255.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7214950255.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2164777277","https://openalex.org/W2913855113","https://openalex.org/W4379140845","https://openalex.org/W4385930342","https://openalex.org/W4386392833","https://openalex.org/W4386958277","https://openalex.org/W4387949526","https://openalex.org/W4391218145","https://openalex.org/W4393119065","https://openalex.org/W4398203672","https://openalex.org/W4399416608","https://openalex.org/W4406152263","https://openalex.org/W4406152279","https://openalex.org/W4409091111","https://openalex.org/W4410343193","https://openalex.org/W4410966497","https://openalex.org/W4412088898","https://openalex.org/W4412853478","https://openalex.org/W4413139191","https://openalex.org/W4413329030","https://openalex.org/W4414677042"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7172084430","https://openalex.org/W7202173792","https://openalex.org/W4401664916","https://openalex.org/W7165412462","https://openalex.org/W7202358203","https://openalex.org/W7169639567","https://openalex.org/W4406228650","https://openalex.org/W7221011983","https://openalex.org/W7155854067","https://openalex.org/W7140106070"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Large":[0],"Language":[1],"Models":[2],"(LLMs)":[3],"are":[4],"increasingly":[5],"consulted":[6],"by":[7,81,213],"millions":[8],"of":[9,31,148,215,268,277],"patients":[10],"seeking":[11],"pharmaceutical":[12,282],"information,":[13],"yet":[14],"their":[15],"reliability":[16,122],"and":[17,47,70,84,101,118,128,133,143,156,219,293],"safety":[18,288],"in":[19,35,227,259,287],"providing":[20],"medication-related":[21],"advice":[22],"remain":[23],"inadequately":[24],"evaluated.":[25],"This":[26],"study":[27,56],"assessed":[28,104],"the":[29,191,207,228,251,264],"performance":[30],"four":[32],"leading":[33],"LLMs":[34,272],"responding":[36],"to":[37,60,169,200,253],"frequently":[38,75],"asked":[39,76],"questions":[40,77],"about":[41,78],"pregabalin,":[42,79],"a":[43,52,98,107],"widely":[44],"prescribed":[45],"antiepileptic":[46],"analgesic":[48],"agent.":[49],"We":[50],"conducted":[51],"prospective":[53],"comparative":[54],"observational":[55],"from":[57,89,167,198],"15":[58,269],"June":[59],"30":[61],"September":[62],"2025,":[63],"evaluating":[64],"ChatGPT-4o,":[65,152],"Copilot,":[66],"Gemini":[67,153],"2.0":[68,154],"Flash,":[69,155],"Claude":[71],"3.5":[72],"Sonnet.":[73],"Fifteen":[74],"stratified":[80],"thematic":[82],"category":[83],"complexity":[85],"level,":[86],"were":[87,136],"selected":[88,280],"National":[90],"Health":[91],"Service":[92],"resources.":[93],"A":[94],"multidisciplinary":[95],"panel":[96],"comprising":[97],"rheumatologist,":[99],"neurologist,":[100],"pharmacologist":[102],"independently":[103],"responses":[105],"using":[106,125],"multidimensional":[108],"framework":[109],"encompassing":[110],"warning":[111,193,289],"compliance,":[112,290],"accuracy,":[113],"completeness,":[114],"content":[115],"safety,":[116],"readability,":[117],"clinical":[119,163],"relevance.":[120],"Inter-rater":[121,222],"was":[123],"calculated":[124],"Fleiss\u2019":[126],"kappa":[127],"intraclass":[129],"correlation":[130],"coefficient":[131],"ICC(2,k),":[132],"error":[134],"patterns":[135],"systematically":[137],"categorized.":[138],"Performance":[139],"varied":[140],"across":[141,171,183,231],"models":[142,186],"dimensions":[144,233],"without":[145],"consistent":[146,181,262],"superiority":[147,182],"any":[149],"single":[150],"LLM.":[151],"Copilot":[157],"showed":[158,180],"identical":[159],"accuracy":[160,274],"scores":[161,165,196],"(0.933),":[162],"relevance":[164],"ranged":[166],"0.867":[168],"1.000":[170],"models,":[172],"with":[173,190,195,263],"overlapping":[174],"confidence":[175,246],"intervals":[176],"throughout.":[177],"No":[178],"model":[179],"dimensions.":[184],"All":[185],"demonstrated":[187,273],"incomplete":[188],"compliance":[189],"explicit":[192],"instruction,":[194],"ranging":[197],"0.467":[199],"0.733.":[201],"Error":[202],"analysis":[203],"revealed":[204],"oversimplification":[205],"as":[206],"predominant":[208],"failure":[209],"mode":[210],"(56.3%),":[211],"followed":[212],"omission":[214],"essential":[216],"information":[217],"(34.8%)":[218],"hallucinations":[220],"(8.9%).":[221],"agreement":[223,260],"point":[224,275],"estimates":[225,276],"fell":[226],"moderate":[229],"range":[230],"all":[232,240],"(\u03ba":[234],"=":[235,238],"0.44\u20130.52;":[236],"ICC":[237],"0.56\u20130.58;":[239],"p":[241],"<":[242],"0.01),":[243],"though":[244],"lower":[245],"interval":[247],"bounds":[248],"extended":[249],"into":[250],"fair":[252],"slight":[254],"range,":[255],"indicating":[256],"residual":[257],"uncertainty":[258],"estimation":[261],"modest":[265],"sample":[266],"size":[267],"questions.":[270],"While":[271],"0.87\u20130.93":[278],"for":[279],"basic":[281],"questions,":[283],"significant":[284],"limitations":[285],"persist":[286],"response":[291],"comprehensiveness,":[292],"hallucination":[294],"rate.":[295]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-14T16:39:01.820549","created_date":"2026-10-01T00:00:00"}