{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7214945920","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2609.35871","title":"Modeling the Effects of Temperature and Electric Field on the Dark Count Rate of Photomultiplier Tubes","display_name":"Modeling the Effects of Temperature and Electric Field on the Dark Count Rate of Photomultiplier Tubes","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-09-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7214945920","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2609.35871"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2609.35871","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.35871","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2609.35871","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["arxiv","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2609.35871","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5106977661","display_name":"Yuto Maekawa","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I203951103","display_name":"Keio University","ror":"https://ror.org/02kn6nx58","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I203951103"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maekawa, Yuto","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Science and Technology , Keio University 3-14-1 Hiyoshi , Kohoku-ku , Yokohama , Kanagawa , Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Science and Technology , Keio University 3-14-1 Hiyoshi , Kohoku-ku , Yokohama , Kanagawa , Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I203951103"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026022135","display_name":"\u6b63\u5149 \u6df1\u6ca2","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I203951103","display_name":"Keio University","ror":"https://ror.org/02kn6nx58","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I203951103"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fukazawa, Masamitsu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Science and Technology , Keio University 3-14-1 Hiyoshi , Kohoku-ku , Yokohama , Kanagawa , Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Science and Technology , Keio University 3-14-1 Hiyoshi , Kohoku-ku , Yokohama , Kanagawa , Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I203951103"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103396637","display_name":"Yasuhiro Nishimura","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I203951103","display_name":"Keio University","ror":"https://ror.org/02kn6nx58","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I203951103"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nishimura, Yasuhiro","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Science and Technology , Keio University 3-14-1 Hiyoshi , Kohoku-ku , Yokohama , Kanagawa , Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Science and Technology , Keio University 3-14-1 Hiyoshi , Kohoku-ku , Yokohama , Kanagawa , Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I203951103"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I203951103"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13418","display_name":"Photocathodes and Microchannel Plates","score":0.9878000020980835,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3105","display_name":"Instrumentation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13418","display_name":"Photocathodes and Microchannel Plates","score":0.9878000020980835,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3105","display_name":"Instrumentation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11216","display_name":"Radiation Detection and Scintillator Technologies","score":0.00559999980032444,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3108","display_name":"Radiation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11044","display_name":"Particle Detector Development and Performance","score":0.0031999999191612005,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3106","display_name":"Nuclear and High Energy Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photomultiplier-tube","display_name":"photomultiplier tubes","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dark-count-rate","display_name":"dark count rate","score":0.9959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thermionic-emission","display_name":"thermionic emission","score":0.9380000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/richardson-dushman-equation","display_name":"Richardson-Dushman equation","score":0.9039999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/schottky-effect","display_name":"Schottky effect","score":0.9940000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/temperature-dependence","display_name":"temperature dependence","score":0.7160000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/external-electric-field","display_name":"external electric field","score":0.9480000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bialkali-photocathode","display_name":"bialkali photocathode","score":0.9459999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/single-photon-counting","display_name":"single photon counting","score":0.7260000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/background-noise-modeling","display_name":"background noise modeling","score":0.5659999847412109}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13115443","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1891923","display_name":"Photocathode","level":3,"score":0.9693999886512756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113879476","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q61897384","display_name":"Photomultiplier","level":3,"score":0.8187000155448914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180651308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1265973","display_name":"Dark current","level":3,"score":0.6863999962806702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60799052","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46221","display_name":"Electric field","level":2,"score":0.6765999794006348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.6452000141143799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.6319000124931335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7252396","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1269210","display_name":"Dynode","level":4,"score":0.6065999865531921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143979616","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215259","display_name":"Thermionic emission","level":3,"score":0.44670000672340393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.39820000529289246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34667332","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2582911","display_name":"Secondary electrons","level":3,"score":0.3587000072002411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147120987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2225","display_name":"Electron","level":2,"score":0.3538999855518341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49110097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175233","display_name":"Cathode","level":2,"score":0.3303000032901764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.313400000333786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98009336","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1758077","display_name":"Schottky effect","level":4,"score":0.311599999666214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.2896000146865845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13892213","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905140","display_name":"Secondary emission","level":3,"score":0.2816999852657318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58570533","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55451","display_name":"Electric potential","level":3,"score":0.2775999903678894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.27730000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116468062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11651","display_name":"Electric current","level":2,"score":0.2655999958515167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30475298","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q909554","display_name":"Computational physics","level":1,"score":0.263700008392334}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2609.35871","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.35871","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2609.35871","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2609.35871","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2609.35871","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2609.35871","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2609.35871","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.35871","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2609.35871","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","ror":"https://ror.org/00hhkn466"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7214945920.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7214945920.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":8,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2075229461","https://openalex.org/W2153653142","https://openalex.org/W2265908594","https://openalex.org/W2289435087","https://openalex.org/W2800309508","https://openalex.org/W3082428588","https://openalex.org/W4205092497","https://openalex.org/W4231133741"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4385972871","https://openalex.org/W2626700351","https://openalex.org/W4256267963","https://openalex.org/W2040651158","https://openalex.org/W1615997044","https://openalex.org/W2020905066","https://openalex.org/W2793074989","https://openalex.org/W2085448644","https://openalex.org/W3081500248","https://openalex.org/W2067990994"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Although":[0],"photomultiplier":[1],"tubes":[2],"(PMTs)":[3],"are":[4],"sufficiently":[5],"sensitive":[6],"for":[7],"applications":[8],"based":[9,52],"on":[10,53],"counting":[11],"single":[12],"photons,":[13],"the":[14,20,25,34,46,54,59,64,104,108,112,116,120,123,135,138,152,155,172,182],"thermionic":[15],"emission":[16],"of":[17,24,38,45,89,107,137,148],"electrons":[18],"from":[19,91,126],"photocathode":[21,113,121],"is":[22],"one":[23],"dominant":[26],"background":[27],"sources.":[28],"In":[29],"this":[30],"study,":[31],"we":[32],"modeled":[33],"dark":[35,81,156,183],"count":[36,82,157,184],"rate":[37,83,158,185],"a":[39,43,77,87,146],"given":[40],"PMT":[41,74],"as":[42],"function":[44,179],"temperature":[47],"and":[48,57,122,192],"external":[49,98,139,193],"electric":[50,99,194],"field":[51,100],"Richardson-Dushman":[55],"equation":[56],"incorporated":[58,170],"Schottky":[60],"effect.":[61],"To":[62],"validate":[63],"model,":[65],"measurements":[66],"were":[67],"performed":[68],"using":[69],"an":[70,177],"eight-centimeter":[71],"Hamamatsu":[72],"R14374":[73],"equipped":[75],"with":[76,111,151,189],"bialkali":[78],"photocathode.":[79],"The":[80,131],"was":[84,101,169],"measured":[85,165],"over":[86],"range":[88],"temperatures":[90,191],"10":[92],"to":[93,103,128,180],"40":[94],"degree":[95],"Celsius.":[96],"An":[97],"applied":[102],"outside":[105],"surface":[106],"optical":[109],"window":[110],"by":[114,175],"varying":[115,190],"potential":[117,140],"difference":[118,141,147],"between":[119],"surrounding":[124],"medium":[125],"0":[127],"1100":[129],"V.":[130],"result":[132],"confirmed":[133],"that":[134],"influence":[136],"remained":[142],"relatively":[143],"small":[144],"within":[145],"200":[149],"V,":[150],"increase":[153],"in":[154],"remaining":[159],"below":[160],"50":[161],"%":[162],"across":[163],"all":[164],"temperatures.":[166],"This":[167],"behavior":[168],"into":[171],"proposed":[173],"model":[174],"including":[176],"error":[178],"predict":[181],"under":[186],"operating":[187],"conditions":[188],"fields.":[195]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2026-10-01T00:00:00"}
