{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7214940595","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2609.36735","title":"BiFE: Search-Efficient Discovery of CPU-Only Branching Policies via LLM-based Bi-Fidelity Evolution","display_name":"BiFE: Search-Efficient Discovery of CPU-Only Branching Policies via LLM-based Bi-Fidelity Evolution","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-09-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7214940595","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2609.36735"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2609.36735","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.36735","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2609.36735","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["arxiv","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2609.36735","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5153636430","display_name":"Ce Zhang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210112150","display_name":"Institute of Automation","ror":"https://ror.org/022c3hy66","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210112150"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhang, Ce","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Automation , Chinese Academy of Sciences","School of Artificial Intelligence , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Automation , Chinese Academy of Sciences","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210112150"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Artificial Intelligence , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5153642869","display_name":"Bin Zhang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210112150","display_name":"Institute of Automation","ror":"https://ror.org/022c3hy66","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210112150"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhang, Bin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Automation , Chinese Academy of Sciences"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Automation , Chinese Academy of Sciences","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210112150"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5153657086","display_name":"Zhiwei Xu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154099455","display_name":"Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207yh398","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xu, Zhiwei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shandong University {zhangce2023 , zhangbin2020 ,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shandong University {zhangce2023 , zhangbin2020 ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5153650942","display_name":"Hao Chen","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210112150","display_name":"Institute of Automation","ror":"https://ror.org/022c3hy66","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210112150"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chen, Hao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Automation , Chinese Academy of Sciences","School of Artificial Intelligence , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Automation , Chinese Academy of Sciences","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210112150"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Artificial Intelligence , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5153556678","display_name":"Xinyue Lu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210112150","display_name":"Institute of Automation","ror":"https://ror.org/022c3hy66","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210112150"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lu, Xinyue","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Automation , Chinese Academy of Sciences","School of Artificial Intelligence , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Automation , Chinese Academy of Sciences","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210112150"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Artificial Intelligence , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109637655","display_name":"Shanwei Fan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-0364-9788","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0003-0364-9788"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210112150","display_name":"Institute of Automation","ror":"https://ror.org/022c3hy66","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210112150"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fan, Shanwei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Automation , Chinese Academy of Sciences","School of Artificial Intelligence , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Automation , Chinese Academy of Sciences","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210112150"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Artificial Intelligence , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123055892","display_name":"Yingxuan Teng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-1725-6117","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0003-1725-6117"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210112150","display_name":"Institute of Automation","ror":"https://ror.org/022c3hy66","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210112150"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Teng, Yingxuan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Automation , Chinese Academy of Sciences","School of Artificial Intelligence , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Automation , Chinese Academy of Sciences","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210112150"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Artificial Intelligence , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5153675702","display_name":"Guoliang Fan","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210112150","display_name":"Institute of Automation","ror":"https://ror.org/022c3hy66","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210112150"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fan, Guoliang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Automation , Chinese Academy of Sciences"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Automation , Chinese Academy of Sciences","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210112150"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10963","display_name":"Advanced Optimization Algorithms Research","score":0.4462999999523163,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2612","display_name":"Numerical Analysis"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10963","display_name":"Advanced Optimization Algorithms Research","score":0.4462999999523163,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2612","display_name":"Numerical Analysis"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10100","display_name":"Metaheuristic Optimization Algorithms Research","score":0.18160000443458557,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11975","display_name":"Evolutionary Algorithms and Applications","score":0.16850000619888306,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/branch-and-bound","display_name":"branch and bound","score":0.746999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mixed-integer-linear-programming","display_name":"mixed-integer linear programming","score":0.9010000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/large-language-models","display_name":"large language models","score":0.8130000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/llm-generated-code","display_name":"LLM-generated code","score":0.8130000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cpu-inference","display_name":"CPU-only inference","score":0.5979999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/imitation-learning","display_name":"imitation learning","score":0.6830000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distribution-shift","display_name":"distribution shift","score":0.9010000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/search-efficiency","display_name":"search efficiency","score":0.5759999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/combinatorial-optimization","display_name":"combinatorial optimization","score":0.7409999966621399}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.652999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206175624","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q595731","display_name":"Branching (polymer chemistry)","level":2,"score":0.6055999994277954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159149176","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14489129","display_name":"Evolutionary algorithm","level":2,"score":0.5228000283241272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.48170000314712524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4542999863624573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3993000090122223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778770139","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1966904","display_name":"Solver","level":2,"score":0.3813000023365021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105902424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1197129","display_name":"Evolutionary computation","level":2,"score":0.33869999647140503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126388530","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1131737","display_name":"Imitation","level":2,"score":0.33480000495910645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91852762","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3307742","display_name":"Fitness landscape","level":3,"score":0.31769999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110332635","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q629498","display_name":"Genetic programming","level":2,"score":0.3174999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148483581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q446488","display_name":"Feature selection","level":2,"score":0.31529998779296875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47822265","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q854457","display_name":"Complex system","level":2,"score":0.28529998660087585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81917197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628760","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","level":2,"score":0.2775999903678894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2164484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5170150","display_name":"Core (optical fiber)","level":2,"score":0.2727999985218048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121835503","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2596288","display_name":"Evolutionary programming","level":3,"score":0.2711000144481659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778572836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380933","display_name":"Space (punctuation)","level":2,"score":0.2540999948978424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125583679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q755673","display_name":"Search algorithm","level":2,"score":0.2524000108242035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164155591","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2067766","display_name":"Satisfiability modulo theories","level":2,"score":0.250900000333786}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2609.36735","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.36735","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2609.36735","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2609.36735","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2609.36735","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2609.36735","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2609.36735","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.36735","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2609.36735","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7214940595.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7214940595.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7160944897","https://openalex.org/W7223072115","https://openalex.org/W7138026536","https://openalex.org/W7147430658","https://openalex.org/W3037310420","https://openalex.org/W7203536559","https://openalex.org/W3173319990","https://openalex.org/W4409365554","https://openalex.org/W7029655702","https://openalex.org/W4391631635"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"branch-and-bound":[1],"(B&B)":[2],"for":[3,30,43],"mixed-integer":[4],"linear":[5],"programming":[6],"(MILP),":[7],"branching":[8,16,46],"variable":[9],"selection":[10],"critically":[11],"impacts":[12],"efficiency.":[13],"Existing":[14],"neural":[15,147],"policies":[17],"often":[18],"require":[19],"GPU":[20],"inference,":[21],"while":[22],"CPU-efficient":[23],"symbolic":[24],"expressions":[25],"lack":[26],"the":[27,120,126,134],"representational":[28],"capacity":[29],"complex":[31],"logic.":[32,51],"Large":[33],"Language":[34],"Model":[35],"(LLM)-generated":[36],"code":[37],"provides":[38],"a":[39,60,86,97],"flexible":[40],"search":[41,112,121],"space":[42],"designing":[44],"lightweight":[45],"rules":[47,55],"with":[48,114],"diverse":[49],"algorithmic":[50],"To":[52,81],"discover":[53],"effective":[54],"within":[56],"LLM-based":[57],"evolutionary":[58],"frameworks,":[59],"core":[61],"challenge":[62],"arises:":[63],"full":[64],"B&B":[65],"evaluation":[66,105],"on":[67,140],"real":[68],"instances":[69],"is":[70],"prohibitively":[71],"expensive,":[72],"whereas":[73],"offline":[74],"imitation":[75,94],"learning":[76],"suffers":[77],"from":[78],"distribution":[79],"shift.":[80],"address":[82],"this,":[83],"we":[84],"introduce":[85],"Bi-Fidelity":[87],"Evolutionary":[88],"framework":[89],"(BiFE).":[90],"It":[91],"employs":[92],"low-fidelity":[93],"scores":[95],"as":[96],"rapid":[98],"pre-screener":[99],"and":[100,125,137,142],"selectively":[101],"applies":[102],"high-fidelity":[103],"on-instance":[104],"only":[106],"to":[107],"elite":[108],"candidates,":[109],"effectively":[110],"balancing":[111],"efficiency":[113,122],"performance":[115],"reliability.":[116],"Experiments":[117],"validate":[118],"both":[119],"of":[123,128],"BiFE":[124],"competitiveness":[127],"its":[129],"discovered":[130],"rules,":[131],"which":[132],"outperform":[133],"SCIP":[135],"solver":[136],"other":[138],"baselines":[139],"CPUs,":[141],"even":[143],"surpass":[144],"certain":[145],"GPU-based":[146],"policies.":[148]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-28T10:33:24.094632","created_date":"2026-10-01T00:00:00"}
