{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7214933100","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2026.1907553","title":"Clinical outcomes and prognostic factors after first- and second-line immunotherapy in a cohort of 57 patients with refractory autoimmune encephalitis","display_name":"Clinical outcomes and prognostic factors after first- and second-line immunotherapy in a cohort of 57 patients with refractory autoimmune encephalitis","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-09-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7214933100","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2026.1907553","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42876731","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/13661504"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fimmu.2026.1907553","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2026.1907553","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2026.1907553","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/immunology/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2026.1907553/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2595292759","display_name":"Frontiers in Immunology","issn_l":"1664-3224","issn":["1664-3224"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Immunology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/immunology/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2026.1907553/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5153587268","display_name":"Jiao He","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156804","display_name":"First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/056swr059","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210156804"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jiao He","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156804"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5153590789","display_name":"Haozhe Lu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156804","display_name":"First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/056swr059","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210156804"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haozhe Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Healthcare Security Administration Office, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Healthcare Security Administration Office, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156804"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5153587268"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156804"],"apc_list":{"value":3150,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3801},"apc_paid":{"value":3150,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3801},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.71135947,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":null,"first_page":"1907553","last_page":"1907553"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11627","display_name":"Autoimmune Neurological Disorders and Treatments","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2728","display_name":"Clinical Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11627","display_name":"Autoimmune Neurological Disorders and Treatments","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2728","display_name":"Clinical Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11730","display_name":"Autoimmune Bullous Skin Diseases","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2708","display_name":"Dermatology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13201","display_name":"Infectious Encephalopathies and Encephalitis","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/second-line-immunotherapy","display_name":"second-line immunotherapy","score":0.9710000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/functional-recovery","display_name":"functional recovery","score":0.6340000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prognostic-factors","display_name":"prognostic factors","score":0.9739999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modified-rankin-scale","display_name":"modified Rankin Scale","score":0.9670000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intensive-care-unit-admission","display_name":"intensive care unit admission","score":0.7950000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disease-severity","display_name":"disease severity","score":0.9259999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/treatment-outcomes","display_name":"treatment outcomes","score":0.6349999904632568}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.9275000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142424586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7307572","display_name":"Refractory (planetary science)","level":2,"score":0.7046999931335449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780931571","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q568775","display_name":"Modified Rankin Scale","level":4,"score":0.6406999826431274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.6226000189781189},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72563966","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1303415","display_name":"Cohort","level":2,"score":0.5827999711036682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167135981","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2146302","display_name":"Retrospective cohort study","level":2,"score":0.5364000201225281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781460105","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16918461","display_name":"Autoimmune encephalitis","level":4,"score":0.49470001459121704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777701055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1427096","display_name":"Immunotherapy","level":3,"score":0.46230000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151956035","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1132755","display_name":"Logistic regression","level":2,"score":0.4544999897480011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201903717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1778788","display_name":"Cohort study","level":2,"score":0.4275999963283539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.3718999922275543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993918154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12131","display_name":"Functional impairment","level":2,"score":0.32739999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780653079","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q412323","display_name":"Rituximab","level":3,"score":0.32120001316070557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30036603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17125150","display_name":"Severity of illness","level":2,"score":0.31439998745918274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83455156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199615","display_name":"Encephalitis","level":3,"score":0.30399999022483826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C535046627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30612","display_name":"Clinical trial","level":2,"score":0.3012999892234802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143998085","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162555","display_name":"Oncology","level":1,"score":0.2971999943256378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776907518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1734165","display_name":"Performance status","level":3,"score":0.2816999852657318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195910791","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1324077","display_name":"Medical record","level":2,"score":0.26570001244544983}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000368","descriptor_name":"Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004660","descriptor_name":"Encephalitis","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004660","descriptor_name":"Encephalitis","qualifier_ui":"Q000188","qualifier_name":"drug therapy","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004660","descriptor_name":"Encephalitis","qualifier_ui":"Q000276","qualifier_name":"immunology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004660","descriptor_name":"Encephalitis","qualifier_ui":"Q000628","qualifier_name":"therapy","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007167","descriptor_name":"Immunotherapy","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011379","descriptor_name":"Prognosis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012189","descriptor_name":"Retrospective Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016896","descriptor_name":"Treatment Outcome","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D050031","descriptor_name":"Hashimoto Disease","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D050031","descriptor_name":"Hashimoto Disease","qualifier_ui":"Q000188","qualifier_name":"drug therapy","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D050031","descriptor_name":"Hashimoto Disease","qualifier_ui":"Q000628","qualifier_name":"therapy","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3389/fimmu.2026.1907553","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2026.1907553","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2026.1907553","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/immunology/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2026.1907553/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2595292759","display_name":"Frontiers in Immunology","issn_l":"1664-3224","issn":["1664-3224"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Immunology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13661504","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13661504/","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13661504/pdf/fimmu-17-1907553.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Front Immunol","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:42876731","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42876731","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in immunology","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:50bb877372dd4ccc9a275cd8f514a54c","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/50bb877372dd4ccc9a275cd8f514a54c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Immunology, Vol 17 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fimmu.2026.1907553","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2026.1907553","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2026.1907553","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/immunology/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2026.1907553/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2595292759","display_name":"Frontiers in Immunology","issn_l":"1664-3224","issn":["1664-3224"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Immunology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7214933100.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7214933100.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2782339488","https://openalex.org/W3127650114","https://openalex.org/W3134115353","https://openalex.org/W3185022302","https://openalex.org/W3185087081","https://openalex.org/W4289522769","https://openalex.org/W4298087991","https://openalex.org/W4307135827","https://openalex.org/W4395666526","https://openalex.org/W4399120493","https://openalex.org/W4400241142","https://openalex.org/W4401406871","https://openalex.org/W4401451317","https://openalex.org/W4402764773","https://openalex.org/W4403817027","https://openalex.org/W4404560335","https://openalex.org/W4404900054","https://openalex.org/W4407365987","https://openalex.org/W4407908013","https://openalex.org/W4414238163","https://openalex.org/W4415312335"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391476266","https://openalex.org/W4282837981","https://openalex.org/W4298087991","https://openalex.org/W7164195891","https://openalex.org/W4409795147","https://openalex.org/W4281766906","https://openalex.org/W3164241006","https://openalex.org/W2404054411","https://openalex.org/W1467112345","https://openalex.org/W4406406968"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Background:":[0],"Refractory":[1],"autoimmune":[2],"encephalitis":[3],"(AE)":[4],"is":[5],"a":[6,32,77],"severe":[7],"condition":[8],"with":[9,27,98,124,187,194,211],"limited":[10,116],"real-world":[11],"evidence":[12],"on":[13],"treatment":[14],"outcomes":[15,23,162],"and":[16,24,54,65,112,167,182,208],"prognostic":[17,225],"factors.":[18],"This":[19,39],"study":[20,43],"evaluated":[21],"clinical":[22],"factors":[25,122],"associated":[26,123,186],"6-month":[28,68,85,125,161,189],"functional":[29,69,86,126,190],"recovery":[30],"in":[31,164],"strictly":[33],"defined":[34,101],"refractory":[35,62,135],"AE":[36,48,63],"cohort.":[37],"Methods:":[38],"single-center":[40],"retrospective":[41],"cohort":[42],"screened":[44],"246":[45],"potentially":[46],"eligible":[47],"records":[49],"from":[50],"2018":[51],"to":[52,76,140,148],"2025":[53],"included":[55],"57":[56,130],"patients":[57,131,150],"who":[58],"fulfilled":[59,132],"the":[60,90,115,133,173,212],"prespecified":[61],"criteria":[64],"had":[66],"ascertainable":[67],"outcomes.":[70],"Second-line":[71,143],"immunotherapy":[72],"was":[73,84,145,205],"subsequently":[74,146],"administered":[75,147],"subset":[78],"of":[79,118,215],"patients.":[80],"The":[81,192],"primary":[82],"outcome":[83,100],"status":[87],"assessed":[88],"by":[89,114],"modified":[91],"Rankin":[92],"Scale":[93],"(mRS)":[94],"after":[95,137,198],"refractory-state":[96,180],"adjudication,":[97],"favorable":[99],"as":[102],"mRS":[103,178],"0-2.":[104],"Multivariable":[105],"logistic":[106],"regression,":[107],"adjusted":[108],"for":[109,200],"baseline":[110],"severity":[111],"constrained":[113],"number":[117],"unfavorable":[119,188],"outcomes,":[120],"examined":[121],"outcome.":[127,191],"Results:":[128],"All":[129],"harmonized":[134],"criterion":[136],"inadequate":[138],"response":[139],"first-line":[141],"immunotherapy.":[142],"escalation":[144],"14":[149],"(24.6%),":[151],"whereas":[152],"43":[153],"(75.4%)":[154],"did":[155],"not":[156],"receive":[157],"second-line":[158],"therapy.":[159],"Favorable":[160],"occurred":[163],"9/14":[165],"(64.3%)":[166],"28/43":[168],"(65.1%),":[169],"respectively.":[170],"Conclusions:":[171],"In":[172],"parsimonious":[174],"multivariable":[175],"analysis,":[176],"higher":[177],"at":[179],"adjudication":[181],"ICU":[183,195],"admission":[184,196],"were":[185],"association":[193],"persisted":[197],"adjustment":[199],"mRS,":[201],"but":[202],"its":[203],"magnitude":[204],"imprecisely":[206],"estimated":[207],"likely":[209],"overlaps":[210],"underlying":[213],"construct":[214],"disease":[216],"severity.":[217],"These":[218],"findings":[219],"should":[220],"therefore":[221],"be":[222],"considered":[223],"exploratory":[224],"associations":[226],"rather":[227],"than":[228],"definitive":[229],"independent":[230],"predictors.":[231]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2026-10-01T00:00:00"}
