{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7214906372","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2026.1925664","title":"Editorial: Monoclonal antibodies in treating multiple sclerosis (MS), and related diseases","display_name":"Editorial: Monoclonal antibodies in treating multiple sclerosis (MS), and related diseases","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-09-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7214906372","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2026.1925664","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42876600","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/13661448"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fneur.2026.1925664","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2026.1925664","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2026.1925664","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/neurology/articles/10.3389/fneur.2026.1925664/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S96975567","display_name":"Frontiers in Neurology","issn_l":"1664-2295","issn":["1664-2295"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Neurology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"editorial","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/neurology/articles/10.3389/fneur.2026.1925664/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091651650","display_name":"Abdorreza Naser Moghadasi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8598-0911","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8598-0911"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I70640408","display_name":"Tehran University of Medical Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/01c4pz451","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I70640408"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdorreza Naser Moghadasi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I70640408"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5153632225","display_name":"Sreeram Ramagopalan","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183935753","display_name":"King's College London","ror":"https://ror.org/0220mzb33","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I183935753"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sreeram Ramagopalan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Pharmaceutical Medicine Research, King's College London"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Pharmaceutical Medicine Research, King's College London","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183935753"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059668121","display_name":"Simona Bonavita","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8561-9720","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8561-9720"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197809005","display_name":"University of Campania \"Luigi Vanvitelli\"","ror":"https://ror.org/02kqnpp86","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197809005"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Simona Bonavita","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche Avanzate, Universit\u00e0 della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche Avanzate, Universit\u00e0 della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197809005"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017201925","display_name":"Mahsa Ghajarzadeh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0890-8852","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0890-8852"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145311948","display_name":"Johns Hopkins University","ror":"https://ror.org/00za53h95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mahsa Ghajarzadeh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5017201925"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"],"apc_list":{"value":3150,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3801},"apc_paid":{"value":3150,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3801},"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":null,"first_page":"1925664","last_page":"1925664"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10137","display_name":"Multiple Sclerosis Research Studies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2728","display_name":"Clinical Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10137","display_name":"Multiple Sclerosis Research Studies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2728","display_name":"Clinical Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11735","display_name":"Peripheral Neuropathies and Disorders","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2728","display_name":"Clinical Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11827","display_name":"Polyomavirus and related diseases","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2730","display_name":"Oncology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multiple-sclerosis","display_name":"multiple sclerosis","score":0.9539999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/monoclonal-antibodies","display_name":"monoclonal antibodies","score":0.902999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anti-cd20-therapy","display_name":"anti-CD20 therapy","score":0.9869999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuromyelitis-optica-spectrum-disorder","display_name":"neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder","score":0.9279999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/myelin-oligodendrocyte-glycoprotein-antibody-associated-disease","display_name":"myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease","score":0.9449999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/b-cells","display_name":"B cells","score":0.5230000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/demyelinating-disorders","display_name":"demyelinating disease","score":0.7080000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ocrelizumab","display_name":"ocrelizumab","score":0.8820000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ublituximab","display_name":"ublituximab","score":0.9610000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neurofilament-light-chain","display_name":"neurofilament light chain","score":0.7080000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/glial-fibrillary-acidic-protein","display_name":"glial fibrillary acidic protein","score":0.9660000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/no-evidence-of-disease-activity","display_name":"no evidence of disease activity","score":0.8450000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/complement-inhibition","display_name":"complement inhibition","score":0.45399999618530273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/plasma-cell-depletion","display_name":"plasma cell depletion","score":0.6980000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/experimental-autoimmune-encephalomyelitis","display_name":"experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis","score":0.7929999828338623}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780640218","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8277","display_name":"Multiple sclerosis","level":2,"score":0.863099992275238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781137167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q611458","display_name":"Neuromyelitis optica","level":3,"score":0.82669997215271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.7502999901771545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779357208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6947292","display_name":"Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein","level":4,"score":0.7214000225067139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C542903549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q422248","display_name":"Monoclonal antibody","level":3,"score":0.6187999844551086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203014093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101929","display_name":"Immunology","level":1,"score":0.5906000137329102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777154362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7575316","display_name":"Spectrum disorder","level":2,"score":0.5709999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.5703999996185303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781004633","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q386119","display_name":"Natalizumab","level":3,"score":0.5127999782562256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777899865","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1634879","display_name":"Encephalomyelitis","level":3,"score":0.5052000284194946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908708501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1186703","display_name":"Demyelinating Disorder","level":3,"score":0.4918999969959259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778531937","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1186703","display_name":"Demyelinating disease","level":3,"score":0.4717000126838684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780653079","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q412323","display_name":"Rituximab","level":3,"score":0.4693000018596649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777843201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17163357","display_name":"Monoclonal antibody therapy","level":4,"score":0.4560999870300293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778486448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q494066","display_name":"Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis","level":3,"score":0.44749999046325684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777991916","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q421617","display_name":"Eculizumab","level":4,"score":0.43389999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776985911","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q916698","display_name":"Oligodendrocyte","level":4,"score":0.3977999985218048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159654299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79460","display_name":"Antibody","level":2,"score":0.3889999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778609137","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q105790271","display_name":"Myelin","level":3,"score":0.38199999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C535046627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30612","display_name":"Clinical trial","level":2,"score":0.3750999867916107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201934248","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2492999","display_name":"Neuroimmunology","level":3,"score":0.37279999256134033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780130043","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192360","display_name":"Autoimmunity","level":3,"score":0.3578999936580658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778375690","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7814214","display_name":"Tolerability","level":3,"score":0.3531000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163864487","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6901461","display_name":"Monoclonal","level":4,"score":0.33899998664855957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.33820000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778577042","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418274","display_name":"Glatiramer acetate","level":3,"score":0.31949999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781197716","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q864574","display_name":"Biomarker","level":2,"score":0.314300000667572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C529278444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47273","display_name":"Central nervous system","level":2,"score":0.31049999594688416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777619251","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7312279","display_name":"Remyelination","level":4,"score":0.28870001435279846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.2718999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777701055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1427096","display_name":"Immunotherapy","level":3,"score":0.26579999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60644358","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128570","display_name":"Bioinformatics","level":1,"score":0.25929999351501465}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3389/fneur.2026.1925664","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2026.1925664","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2026.1925664","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/neurology/articles/10.3389/fneur.2026.1925664/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S96975567","display_name":"Frontiers in Neurology","issn_l":"1664-2295","issn":["1664-2295"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Neurology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13661448","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13661448/","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13661448/pdf/fneur-17-1925664.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Front Neurol","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:42876600","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42876600","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in neurology","raw_type":"Editorial"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:b933b71eba394f3ea9ae5ca2d51b51f9","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/b933b71eba394f3ea9ae5ca2d51b51f9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Neurology, Vol 17 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fneur.2026.1925664","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2026.1925664","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2026.1925664","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/neurology/articles/10.3389/fneur.2026.1925664/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S96975567","display_name":"Frontiers in Neurology","issn_l":"1664-2295","issn":["1664-2295"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Neurology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.9789000153541565,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7214906372.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7214906372.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W6911504552","https://openalex.org/W7214053271","https://openalex.org/W2601204837","https://openalex.org/W3013592572","https://openalex.org/W2057846141","https://openalex.org/W2009845662","https://openalex.org/W3154769295","https://openalex.org/W2593665826","https://openalex.org/W4381955428","https://openalex.org/W3043181494"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Monoclonal":[0],"antibodies":[1,120,193,342,661],"in":[2,59,153,325,429,446,489,508,526,558,566,647,654,755],"treating":[3],"multiple":[4],"sclerosis":[5,11],"(MS),":[6],"and":[7,32,83,94,115,142,163,167,178,194,206,219,261,300,359,498,536,568,575,591,635,639,677,707,710,721,733,735,748],"related":[8,84],"diseases":[9],"Multiple":[10],"(MS)":[12],"is":[13,214,257,286],"a":[14,45,53,147,226,271,374,456,509,527,737],"chronic":[15],"immune-mediated":[16],"neuroinflammatory":[17],"disorder":[18,92],"of":[19,29,69,81,118,124,150,160,191,199,211,274,282,295,310,322,339,353,366,377,391,410,444,480,520,555,608,621,644,689,697,730,751],"the":[20,67,79,111,122,154,187,196,264,320,337,354,387,395,407,442,521,552,602,628,640,651,687,695,701,711,745],"central":[21,54,634],"nervous":[22],"system":[23],"(CNS)":[24],"that":[25,108,230,253,585,659],"disproportionately":[26],"affects":[27],"women":[28],"reproductive":[30],"age":[31],"whose":[33,350],"prevalence":[34],"continues":[35],"to":[36,398,467,667,713],"rise":[37],"globally.":[38],"Although":[39],"MS":[40,82,435],"was":[41,343],"traditionally":[42],"regarded":[43],"as":[44,203,394,718],"predominantly":[46],"T-cell-mediated":[47],"disease,":[48],"growing":[49],"evidence":[50,309],"has":[51,65],"established":[52],"role":[55,190,643],"for":[56,181,240,266,279,451,542,671,739],"B":[57,75],"cells":[58],"disease":[60,99,161,311,328,400,496,673],"pathogenesis.":[61,183],"This":[62,101,624],"evolving":[63,209],"understanding":[64,159,729],"driven":[66,332],"development":[68],"monoclonal":[70,119,341,523,660,752],"antibody":[71,524,753],"therapies":[72,213,754],"targeting":[73],"CD20-positive":[74],"cells,":[76],"fundamentally":[77],"transforming":[78],"management":[80],"CNS":[85,125],"demyelinating":[86,126,637],"disorders,":[87],"including":[88,686],"neuromyelitis":[89],"optica":[90],"spectrum":[91,123],"(NMOSD)":[93],"myelin":[95],"oligodendrocyte":[96],"glycoprotein":[97],"antibodyassociated":[98],"(MOGAD).":[100],"Research":[102,656],"Topic":[103,657],"brings":[104],"together":[105],"twelve":[106],"contributions":[107,156,726],"collectively":[109],"examine":[110],"mechanisms,":[112,674],"efficacy,":[113],"safety,":[114],"real-world":[116],"application":[117],"across":[121,373],"diseases.":[127],"The":[128],"collection":[129,484],"encompasses":[130],"mechanistic":[131],"reviews,":[132],"clinical":[133,218],"trial":[134],"analyses,":[135],"retrospective":[136],"cohort":[137],"studies,":[138],"imaging":[139],"biomarker":[140],"investigations,":[141],"illustrative":[143],"case":[144,227,607],"reports,":[145],"providing":[146,402],"comprehensive":[148],"overview":[149],"current":[151,596],"advances":[152,488],"field.Several":[155],"deepen":[157],"our":[158,728],"biology":[162],"therapeutic":[164,197,411,540,642,665],"mechanisms.":[165],"Zhang":[166],"Li":[168,514],"reviewed":[169],"insights":[170,405,581],"derived":[171],"from":[172,330],"experimental":[173],"autoimmune":[174,544],"encephalomyelitis":[175],"(EAE)":[176],"models":[177],"their":[179],"implications":[180,541],"MOGAD":[182,734],"Their":[184],"work":[185],"highlights":[186,486],"unique":[188],"pathogenic":[189],"MOG-IgG":[192],"underscores":[195],"potential":[198],"emerging":[200],"strategies":[201],"such":[202,717],"complement":[204],"inhibition":[205],"plasma-cell":[207],"depletion.The":[208],"landscape":[210],"anti-CD20":[212,233,255,693],"explored":[215,551],"through":[216],"both":[217,627],"realworld":[220],"perspectives.":[221],"Berkovich":[222],"et":[223,250,290,348,424,461,492,515,549,599],"al.":[224,251,425,462,493,516,550,600],"reported":[225,494,604],"series":[228],"demonstrating":[229],"switching":[231,691],"between":[232,705],"agents":[234,666],"may":[235],"remain":[236,592],"an":[237],"effective":[238,478],"strategy":[239],"patients":[241,306,436],"with":[242,259,368,371,438,501,504,529,572,611,617],"inadequate":[243],"response":[244],"or":[245,382],"tolerability":[246],"concerns,":[247],"while":[248,513],"Fernandes":[249],"showed":[252],"long-term":[254,698,749],"treatment":[256,285,392,421,499,680],"associated":[258,571],"lymphopenia":[260],"hypogammaglobulinemia,":[262],"emphasizing":[263],"need":[265,712],"ongoing":[267],"immunologic":[268],"surveillance":[269],"despite":[270,477],"low":[272],"incidence":[273],"serious":[275],"adverse":[276],"events.The":[277],"search":[278],"biomarkers":[280,324],"capable":[281],"guiding":[283],"individualized":[284],"addressed":[287,594],"by":[288,333,346,533,595,632],"Rodr\u00edguez-Jorge":[289],"al.,":[291,349],"who":[292],"demonstrated":[293,362,426],"normalization":[294],"serum":[296],"neurofilament":[297],"light":[298],"chain":[299],"glial":[301],"fibrillary":[302],"acidic":[303],"protein":[304],"among":[305,433,692],"achieving":[307],"no":[308],"activity":[312,476,570],"(NEDA)":[313],"under":[314],"ocrelizumab":[315],"therapy.":[316],"These":[317,577],"findings":[318,578],"support":[319],"utility":[321],"fluid":[323],"distinguishing":[326],"inflammatory":[327,588],"control":[329,497],"progression":[331],"neurodegenerative":[334],"mechanisms.Evidence":[335],"supporting":[336,441],"efficacy":[338,703],"newer":[340],"further":[344],"strengthened":[345],"Alvarez":[347],"pooled":[351],"analyses":[352],"phase":[355],"3":[356],"ULTIMATE":[357],"I":[358],"II":[360],"trials":[361],"consistently":[363],"higher":[364],"rates":[365],"NEDA":[367],"ublituximab":[369],"compared":[370,437,503],"teriflunomide":[372],"broad":[375],"range":[376],"patient":[378,528],"subgroups.":[379],"Notably,":[380],"new":[381],"enlarging":[383],"T2":[384],"lesions":[385],"during":[386],"first":[388,603],"six":[389],"months":[390],"emerged":[393],"principal":[396],"contributor":[397],"residual":[399,715],"activity,":[401],"clinically":[403],"relevant":[404],"into":[406,582],"expected":[408],"timeline":[409],"response.Two":[412],"studies":[413,652],"focused":[414],"on":[415,420],"natalizumab":[416,445],"provided":[417],"complementary":[418],"perspectives":[419],"outcomes.":[422],"Puthenparampil":[423],"greater":[427],"improvements":[428],"cognitive":[430,453,719],"processing":[431],"speed":[432],"pediatric-onset":[434],"adult-onset":[439],"patients,":[440],"use":[443,519,750],"younger":[447],"populations":[448],"at":[449,743],"risk":[450],"early":[452],"impairment.":[454],"In":[455],"separate":[457],"investigation,":[458],"Puthenparampil,":[459],"Basili":[460],"used":[463],"optical":[464],"coherence":[465],"tomography":[466],"assess":[468],"retinal":[469],"hyper-reflective":[470],"foci,":[471],"revealing":[472],"persistent":[473,702],"compartment-specific":[474],"microglial":[475],"blockade":[479],"peripheral":[481,636],"leukocyte":[482],"trafficking.The":[483],"also":[485],"important":[487],"NMOSD.":[490],"Zhou":[491],"superior":[495],"persistence":[500],"rituximab":[502,618],"conventional":[505,622],"oral":[506],"immunosuppressants":[507],"multicenter":[510],"Chinese":[511,606],"cohort,":[512],"described":[517],"successful":[518],"anti-CD19":[522],"inebilizumab":[525],"refractory":[530],"NMOSD":[531,559],"complicated":[532],"Sj\u00f6gren's":[534],"syndrome":[535,610],"pancytopenia,":[537],"suggesting":[538],"broader":[539],"B-cell-driven":[543],"disorders.Beyond":[545],"relapse":[546],"prevention,":[547],"Wang":[548],"neural":[553],"correlates":[554],"neuropathic":[556,722],"pain":[557,573],"using":[560],"resting-state":[561],"functional":[562],"MRI,":[563],"identifying":[564,675],"alterations":[565],"amygdalar":[567],"insular":[569],"severity":[574],"duration.":[576],"provide":[579,736],"valuable":[580],"symptom":[583],"mechanisms":[584],"extend":[586],"beyond":[587,664],"lesion":[589],"formation":[590],"inadequately":[593],"immunotherapies.Finally,":[597],"Xue":[598],"presented":[601],"pediatric":[605],"Guillain-Barr\u00e9":[609],"bilateral":[612],"optic":[613],"neuritis":[614],"successfully":[615],"treated":[616],"after":[619],"failure":[620],"therapies.":[623],"report":[625],"illustrates":[626],"diagnostic":[629],"challenges":[630],"posed":[631],"overlapping":[633],"syndromes":[638],"expanding":[641],"B-cell":[645],"depletion":[646],"rare":[648],"neuroimmunological":[649],"disorders.Collectively,":[650],"included":[653],"this":[655],"demonstrate":[658],"have":[662],"evolved":[663],"become":[668],"powerful":[669],"tools":[670],"elucidating":[672],"biomarkers,":[676],"refining":[678],"personalized":[679],"strategies.":[681],"Several":[682],"overarching":[683],"themes":[684],"emerge,":[685],"value":[688],"within-class":[690],"therapies,":[694],"importance":[696],"safety":[699],"monitoring,":[700],"gap":[704],"biologics":[706],"traditional":[708],"immunosuppressants,":[709],"address":[714],"symptoms":[716],"dysfunction":[720],"pain.":[723],"Together,":[724],"these":[725],"advance":[727],"MS,":[731],"NMOSD,":[732],"foundation":[738],"future":[740],"research":[741],"aimed":[742],"optimizing":[744],"selection,":[746],"sequencing,":[747],"neuroimmunology.":[756]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2026-10-01T00:00:00"}
