{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7214897136","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/wvup5_v1","title":"Reduced cooperation in borderline personality disorder largely reflects an absence of consistent cooperators: a reanalysis of Saunders et al. (2015)","display_name":"Reduced cooperation in borderline personality disorder largely reflects an absence of consistent cooperators: a reanalysis of Saunders et al. (2015)","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-09-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7214897136","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/wvup5_v1"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.31234/osf.io/wvup5_v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/wvup5_v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/wvup5_v1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401687","display_name":"PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2799848540","host_organization_name":"Center for Open Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799848540"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/wvup5_v1","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045647532","display_name":"Benjamin James Kuper-Smith","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2565-222X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2565-222X"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Benjamin James Kuper-Smith","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034057328","display_name":"Kate Saunders","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3448-9927","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3448-9927"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kate Saunders","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3448-9927","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047606282","display_name":"Robert David Rogers","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5010-069X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5010-069X"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert D Rogers","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5010-069X","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043120916","display_name":"Christian Carl Ruff","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3964-2364","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3964-2364","https://orcid.org/0009-0003-0599-5457"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christian Carl Ruff","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3964-2364","affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11093","display_name":"Personality Disorders and Psychopathology","score":0.9810000061988831,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3203","display_name":"Clinical Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11093","display_name":"Personality Disorders and Psychopathology","score":0.9810000061988831,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3203","display_name":"Clinical Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11040","display_name":"Personality Traits and Psychology","score":0.0031999999191612005,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3203","display_name":"Clinical Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11252","display_name":"Evolutionary Game Theory and Cooperation","score":0.002199999988079071,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/borderline-personality-disorder","display_name":"borderline personality disorder","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/iterated-prisoner-s-dilemma","display_name":"iterated prisoner's dilemma","score":0.9629999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tit-for-tat","display_name":"tit-for-tat","score":0.8740000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cooperation","display_name":"cooperation","score":0.8090000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deterministic-strategies","display_name":"deterministic strategies","score":0.6140000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state-transitions","display_name":"state transitions","score":0.6430000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bipolar-disorder","display_name":"bipolar disorder","score":0.609000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interpersonal-problems","display_name":"interpersonal problems","score":0.6660000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reanalysis","display_name":"reanalysis","score":0.6389999985694885}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780600973","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2712836","display_name":"Borderline personality disorder","level":2,"score":0.7577000260353088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.6823999881744385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164850336","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3685487","display_name":"Interpersonal communication","level":2,"score":0.4496999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187288502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q641118","display_name":"Personality","level":2,"score":0.4180999994277954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778496695","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254128","display_name":"Dilemma","level":2,"score":0.40049999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.3628000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.33340001106262207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148220186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7111912","display_name":"Outcome (game theory)","level":2,"score":0.3310999870300293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.32580000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44492722","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327069","display_name":"Conditional probability","level":2,"score":0.3158000111579895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.2924000024795532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70410870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199906","display_name":"Clinical psychology","level":1,"score":0.2890999913215637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91034043","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q223642","display_name":"Interpersonal relationship","level":2,"score":0.28859999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992801459","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q223642","display_name":"Interpersonal interaction","level":2,"score":0.28360000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113494165","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41693","display_name":"Prisoner's dilemma","level":3,"score":0.2815999984741211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.26919999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136028653","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1425777","display_name":"Subjective expected utility","level":3,"score":0.2623000144958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776502983","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q690182","display_name":"Contrast (vision)","level":2,"score":0.25920000672340393}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.31234/osf.io/wvup5_v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/wvup5_v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/wvup5_v1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401687","display_name":"PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2799848540","host_organization_name":"Center for Open Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799848540"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.31234/osf.io/wvup5_v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/wvup5_v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/wvup5_v1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401687","display_name":"PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2799848540","host_organization_name":"Center for Open Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799848540"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8048999905586243,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2120200887","https://openalex.org/W4411382627","https://openalex.org/W2139257761","https://openalex.org/W2915029848","https://openalex.org/W2340723149","https://openalex.org/W7101241528","https://openalex.org/W3022964785","https://openalex.org/W2090745865","https://openalex.org/W2546994150","https://openalex.org/W2070213810"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Background.":[0],"Interpersonal":[1],"difficulties":[2],"are":[3,65,93],"a":[4,24,49,62,101,110,153,214,254,304],"core":[5],"feature":[6],"of":[7,163,213,256,259,267,274,298,314],"borderline":[8],"personality":[9],"disorder":[10,38],"(BPD).":[11],"Saunders":[12],"et":[13],"al.":[14],"(2015)":[15],"reported":[16],"that,":[17],"in":[18,182,206,242,333,340],"an":[19,296],"iterated":[20,315],"Prisoner\u2019s":[21],"Dilemma":[22],"against":[23,317],"Tit-for-Tat":[25,50],"partner,":[26,216],"women":[27,34],"with":[28,35,45,97,129,152,178,264,288],"BPD":[29,225,243,265,289],"cooperated":[30,151,269,290],"less":[31,291],"than":[32,222,303],"both":[33,246],"euthymic":[36],"bipolar":[37],"and":[39,100,229],"healthy":[40],"controls,":[41],"particularly":[42],"after":[43,104,210,231],"rounds":[44],"mutual":[46,77,105,309],"cooperation.":[47,310],"However,":[48],"partner":[51],"simply":[52],"copies":[53],"the":[54,59,90,122,144,164,168,211,237,281,323],"participant's":[55],"previous":[56,91,165],"choice,":[57],"so":[58],"game":[60,184],"states":[61],"participant":[63,263],"encounters":[64],"determined":[66],"by":[67,172,251,284,327],"her":[68,158],"own":[69,329],"behaviour:":[70],"someone":[71,80],"who":[72,81],"always":[73],"cooperates":[74],"experiences":[75],"only":[76,226],"cooperation,":[78],"whereas":[79],"frequently":[82],"defects":[83],"rarely":[84],"does.":[85],"Cooperation":[86],"rates":[87,147,181,189,202,205],"conditional":[88,145,180,193],"on":[89,270],"outcome":[92],"therefore":[94],"potentially":[95],"confounded":[96],"overall":[98,159,187,240,334],"cooperativeness,":[99],"group":[102,282],"difference":[103,283],"cooperation":[106,146,160,188,194,241,335],"need":[107],"not":[108,196,230],"reflect":[109],"different":[111],"response":[112],"to":[113,157,245,307],"that":[114],"outcome.Methods.":[115],"To":[116],"test":[117],"this":[118,294],"possibility,":[119],"we":[120,142],"reanalysed":[121],"original":[123],"data":[124],"(n":[125],"=":[126],"58;":[127],"19":[128],"BPD,":[130],"39":[131],"controls":[132,257],"[19":[133],"bipolar,":[134],"20":[135],"healthy];":[136],"all":[137,218],"female).":[138],"For":[139],"each":[140,183],"participant,":[141],"simulated":[143],"expected":[148,179,204,223],"if":[149],"she":[150],"fixed":[154],"probability":[155],"equal":[156],"rate,":[161],"irrespective":[162],"outcome,":[166],"given":[167],"transition":[169],"structure":[170],"imposed":[171],"Tit-for-Tat.":[173],"We":[174],"then":[175],"compared":[176,244],"observed":[177,201,238],"state.Results.":[185],"Once":[186],"were":[190],"accounted":[191],"for,":[192],"did":[195],"differ":[197],"between":[198],"groups:":[199],"rather,":[200],"matched":[203],"every":[207],"state":[208,324],"except":[209],"exploitation":[212],"cooperating":[215,300],"where":[217],"groups":[219,248],"defected":[220],"more":[221],"(in":[224],"nominally":[227],"significant,":[228],"false":[232],"discovery":[233],"rate":[234],"correction).":[235],"Further,":[236],"lower":[239],"control":[247],"was":[249],"driven":[250],"consistent":[252,278],"cooperators:":[253],"third":[255],"(13":[258],"39)":[260],"but":[261,293],"no":[262],"(0":[266],"19)":[268],"at":[271],"least":[272],"90%":[273],"rounds.":[275],"Excluding":[276],"these":[277],"cooperators":[279],"reduced":[280],"about":[285],"three-quarters.Conclusions.":[286],"Women":[287],"overall,":[292],"reflected":[295],"absence":[297],"consistently":[299],"individuals":[301],"rather":[302],"specific":[305],"failure":[306],"sustain":[308],"More":[311],"generally,":[312],"analyses":[313],"games":[316],"deterministic":[318],"strategies":[319],"must":[320],"account":[321],"for":[322],"transitions":[325],"induced":[326],"participants'":[328],"choices;":[330],"otherwise,":[331],"differences":[332,339],"can":[336],"masquerade":[337],"as":[338],"strategy.":[341]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-09T13:22:03.289127","created_date":"2026-10-01T00:00:00"}