{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7214890572","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23063428","title":"The 3PL and 4PL Item Response Theory Models","display_name":"The 3PL and 4PL Item Response Theory Models","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-09-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7214890572","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23063428"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.23063428","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23063428","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23063428","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"JournalArticle"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23063428","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114680664","display_name":"E. O. Oladunmoye","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2721-2391","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2721-2391"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2752562790","display_name":"Kampala International University","ror":"https://ror.org/017g82c94","country_code":"UG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2752562790"]}],"countries":["UG"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Oladunmoye, Enoch O.","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Applied Psychology, Kampala International University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2721-2391","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Applied Psychology, Kampala International University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2752562790"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5114680664"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2752562790"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10467","display_name":"Psychometric Methodologies and Testing","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10467","display_name":"Psychometric Methodologies and Testing","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12884","display_name":"Educational Assessment and Pedagogy","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14025","display_name":"Educational Technology and Assessment","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/three-parameter-logistic-model","display_name":"three-parameter logistic model","score":0.9850000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/four-parameter-logistic-model","display_name":"four-parameter logistic model","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/item-response-theory","display_name":"item response theory","score":0.8889999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/item-information","display_name":"item information","score":0.7400000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ability-estimation","display_name":"ability estimation","score":0.746999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identifiability","display_name":"identifiability","score":0.8500000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sample-size-requirements","display_name":"sample size requirements","score":0.7749999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adaptive-testing","display_name":"adaptive testing","score":0.765999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/online-assessment","display_name":"online assessment","score":0.7229999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/differential-item-functioning","display_name":"differential item functioning","score":0.9350000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/model-comparison","display_name":"model comparison","score":0.9639999866485596}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19875794","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207340","display_name":"Item response theory","level":3,"score":0.7549999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122770356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1656753","display_name":"Identifiability","level":2,"score":0.7121000289916992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776640315","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7315941","display_name":"Respondent","level":2,"score":0.6790000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6327999830245972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780801425","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164392","display_name":"Construct (python library)","level":2,"score":0.4726000130176544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114289077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3284399","display_name":"Statistical model","level":2,"score":0.4255000054836273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181447626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1224359","display_name":"Differential item functioning","level":4,"score":0.4187000095844269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58315980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179436","display_name":"Asymptote","level":2,"score":0.39309999346733093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776441110","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1436628","display_name":"Randomized response","level":3,"score":0.36340001225471497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.3580000102519989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151956035","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1132755","display_name":"Logistic regression","level":2,"score":0.3441999852657318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3312000036239624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.32100000977516174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87007009","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210832","display_name":"Statistical hypothesis testing","level":2,"score":0.31470000743865967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42475967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292","display_name":"Operations research","level":1,"score":0.29350000619888306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117568660","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1650843","display_name":"Multinomial logistic regression","level":2,"score":0.2849000096321106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93226319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193137","display_name":"Differential (mechanical device)","level":2,"score":0.2842000126838684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.2727999985218048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777548347","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5456937","display_name":"Flagging","level":2,"score":0.2702000141143799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.2662999927997589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40305131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2616305","display_name":"Obfuscation","level":2,"score":0.26579999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106347477","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5384228","display_name":"Equating","level":3,"score":0.26030001044273376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44725695","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q288156","display_name":"Normative","level":2,"score":0.2590000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140331021","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1868104","display_name":"Logit","level":2,"score":0.25780001282691956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94124525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q912550","display_name":"Categorization","level":2,"score":0.2549000084400177}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.23063428","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23063428","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23063428","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"JournalArticle"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.23063429","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23063429","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23063429","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"JournalArticle"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.23063428","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23063428","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23063428","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"JournalArticle"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7214195792","https://openalex.org/W2104728511","https://openalex.org/W4386505769","https://openalex.org/W2893144381","https://openalex.org/W2747482074","https://openalex.org/W2962376361","https://openalex.org/W2089658017","https://openalex.org/W2070078863","https://openalex.org/W2011746718","https://openalex.org/W7100167933"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,36,153],"three-parameter":[1],"logistic":[2,6,12],"(3PL)":[3],"and":[4,30,83,89,97,101,111,119,128,142,159,178,194],"four-parameter":[5],"(4PL)":[7],"models":[8],"extend":[9],"the":[10,48,57,79,87,103,146,150,157,174,199],"two-parameter":[11],"(2PL)":[13],"Item":[14],"Response":[15],"Theory":[16],"(IRT)":[17],"framework":[18],"by":[19,204],"introducing":[20],"additional":[21],"parameters":[22],"intended":[23],"to":[24,136,173],"capture":[25],"response":[26],"behaviour":[27],"that":[28,59,156],"discrimination":[29],"item":[31,106,130],"location":[32],"alone":[33],"cannot":[34],"represent.":[35],"3PL":[37,88,158],"model":[38,50,125,188],"introduces":[39],"a":[40,60,184],"lower":[41],"asymptote,":[42],"conventionally":[43],"interpreted":[44],"as":[45,71,164],"pseudo-guessing,":[46,141],"while":[47],"4PL":[49,90,160],"further":[51],"incorporates":[52],"an":[53],"upper":[54,151],"asymptote":[55],"representing":[56],"probability":[58],"respondent":[61],"answers":[62],"incorrectly":[63],"despite":[64],"possessing":[65],"sufficient":[66],"latent":[67],"ability,":[68],"commonly":[69],"described":[70],"slipping":[72],"or":[73,176],"careless":[74,143],"responding.":[75],"This":[76],"paper":[77,154],"reviews":[78],"conceptual,":[80],"mathematical,":[81],"statistical":[82,147],"practical":[84],"foundations":[85],"of":[86,149],"models,":[91],"explaining":[92],"what":[93],"each":[94],"parameter":[95],"does":[96,98],"not":[99],"represent,":[100],"examining":[102],"consequences":[104],"for":[105,183],"information,":[107],"ability":[108],"estimation,":[109],"identifiability":[110],"sample-size":[112],"requirements.":[113],"Applications":[114],"in":[115,198],"educational,":[116],"psychological,":[117],"online":[118],"adaptive":[120],"testing":[121],"are":[122],"discussed,":[123],"alongside":[124],"comparison,":[126,189],"cross-validation,":[127],"differential":[129],"functioning.":[131],"Particular":[132],"care":[133],"is":[134],"taken":[135],"distinguish":[137],"genuine":[138],"guessing":[139],"from":[140,145],"responding":[144],"construct":[148],"asymptote.":[152],"concludes":[155],"should":[161],"be":[162],"regarded":[163],"theoretically":[165],"motivated":[166],"extensions":[167],"rather":[168],"than":[169],"automatically":[170],"superior":[171],"alternatives":[172],"1PL":[175],"2PL,":[177],"sets":[179],"out":[180],"functional":[181],"requirements":[182],"PsychtrixWeb":[185,200],"implementation":[186],"supporting":[187],"diagnostic":[190],"transparency,":[191],"fairness":[192],"analysis":[193],"reproducible":[195],"reporting.":[196],"Published":[197],"Research":[201],"Note":[202],"series":[203],"Psychtrix":[205],"Initiative":[206],"Limited.":[207],"Read":[208],"online:":[209],"https://www.psychtrixweb.online/research-notes/015-abstract-3":[210]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-28T10:33:24.094632","created_date":"2026-10-01T00:00:00"}