{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7214799494","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10634751/v1","title":"Examining the Mediating Role of Artificial Intelligence Usage in the Relationship Between Digital Competencies and Academic Performance Among Higher Education Students","display_name":"Examining the Mediating Role of Artificial Intelligence Usage in the Relationship Between Digital Competencies and Academic Performance Among Higher Education Students","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-09-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7214799494","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10634751/v1"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-10634751/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10634751/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10634751/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-10634751/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-10634751/latest.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083901155","display_name":"Mahmoud Ali Salahat","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7335-8885","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7335-8885"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210118176","display_name":"Palestine Ahliya University","ror":"https://ror.org/02gekya22","country_code":"PS","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210118176"]}],"countries":["PS"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mahmoud Salahat","raw_affiliation_strings":["Palestine Ahliya University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Palestine Ahliya University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210118176"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075593626","display_name":"Rawan Wael Siaj","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7722-5932","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7722-5932"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210118176","display_name":"Palestine Ahliya University","ror":"https://ror.org/02gekya22","country_code":"PS","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210118176"]}],"countries":["PS"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rawan Siaj","raw_affiliation_strings":["Palestine Ahliya University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Palestine Ahliya University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210118176"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010696556","display_name":"Imad Al Zeer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0161-8131","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0161-8131"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210118176","display_name":"Palestine Ahliya University","ror":"https://ror.org/02gekya22","country_code":"PS","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210118176"]}],"countries":["PS"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Imad Al Zeer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Palestine Ahliya University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Palestine Ahliya University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210118176"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085519105","display_name":"Mousa Ajouz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2485-4065","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2485-4065"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210118176","display_name":"Palestine Ahliya University","ror":"https://ror.org/02gekya22","country_code":"PS","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210118176"]}],"countries":["PS"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mousa Ajouz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Palestine Ahliya University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Palestine Ahliya University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210118176"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210118176"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12338","display_name":"Digital literacy in education","score":0.8310999870300293,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12338","display_name":"Digital literacy in education","score":0.8310999870300293,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14414","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Education","score":0.15440000593662262,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12408","display_name":"Digital Transformation of Higher Education","score":0.00139999995008111,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-skills","display_name":"digital skills","score":0.8519999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/academic-achievement","display_name":"academic performance","score":0.9570000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/college-students","display_name":"university students","score":0.8299999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ai-literacy","display_name":"AI literacy","score":0.8529999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regional-variation","display_name":"regional variation","score":0.6230000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arab-higher-education","display_name":"Arab higher education","score":0.8489999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/levant","display_name":"Levant","score":0.6299999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gulf","display_name":"Gulf","score":0.9139999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/north-africa","display_name":"North Africa","score":0.8100000023841858}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90734943","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17008777","display_name":"Conceptualization","level":2,"score":0.6642000079154968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100521375","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2015382","display_name":"Competence (human resources)","level":2,"score":0.6215000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120912362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q136822","display_name":"Higher education","level":2,"score":0.6208000183105469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.520799994468689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781206393","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2748419","display_name":"Academic achievement","level":2,"score":0.49779999256134033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.4153999984264374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15302153","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q470863","display_name":"Employability","level":2,"score":0.39149999618530273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126082660","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4252370","display_name":"Digital transformation","level":2,"score":0.3695000112056732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.3422999978065491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71104824","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1476639","display_name":"Structural equation modeling","level":2,"score":0.3327000141143799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020528894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20820271","display_name":"Graduate students","level":2,"score":0.2921000123023987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.28700000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39890363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36108","display_name":"Generative grammar","level":2,"score":0.2840000092983246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173655357","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q244752","display_name":"Digital divide","level":3,"score":0.2770000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174107131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191591","display_name":"Emotional intelligence","level":2,"score":0.26969999074935913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780468074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16628824","display_name":"Digital learning","level":2,"score":0.26840001344680786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5041995","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853745","display_name":"Engineering education","level":2,"score":0.26409998536109924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16443162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1068473","display_name":"Educational technology","level":2,"score":0.257999986410141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.257999986410141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777646416","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q242069","display_name":"Digital literacy","level":2,"score":0.2508000135421753}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-10634751/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10634751/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10634751/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-10634751/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-10634751/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10634751/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10634751/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-10634751/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality education","score":0.9901999831199646}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7214799494.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7214799494.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1587451402","https://openalex.org/W1971440513","https://openalex.org/W2075542773","https://openalex.org/W2079952231","https://openalex.org/W2100379340","https://openalex.org/W2118159208","https://openalex.org/W2135799338","https://openalex.org/W2135979777","https://openalex.org/W2169570446","https://openalex.org/W2593962681","https://openalex.org/W2766277735","https://openalex.org/W2769081822","https://openalex.org/W2981863007","https://openalex.org/W3035605851","https://openalex.org/W3038840774","https://openalex.org/W3102883382","https://openalex.org/W3183192870","https://openalex.org/W4214928691","https://openalex.org/W4242883546","https://openalex.org/W4307105602","https://openalex.org/W4324046518","https://openalex.org/W4388769700","https://openalex.org/W4391608390","https://openalex.org/W4392097873","https://openalex.org/W4392772072","https://openalex.org/W4403973488","https://openalex.org/W4403985667","https://openalex.org/W4404033322","https://openalex.org/W4406183833","https://openalex.org/W4412000660"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4415791715","https://openalex.org/W4414809156","https://openalex.org/W7154904505","https://openalex.org/W7139014417","https://openalex.org/W7218289599","https://openalex.org/W4414154697","https://openalex.org/W7166038107","https://openalex.org/W4390667862","https://openalex.org/W7216230710","https://openalex.org/W7202160136"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Higher":[1],"education":[2,229],"systems":[3],"across":[4,51,74,139,253],"the":[5,101,134,140,147,150,176,187,190],"Arab":[6,69,227],"world":[7],"are":[8,16],"accelerating":[9],"digital":[10,28,153,169,195,238],"transformation":[11],"while":[12,44,175],"generative":[13],"AI":[14,110,116,156,173,199,217,232],"tools":[15,111],"rapidly":[17],"entering":[18],"students\u2019":[19,27,107,194],"learning":[20,219],"practices.":[21],"This":[22],"study":[23,222],"examines":[24],"how":[25,167],"university":[26],"competencies":[29,196,239],"relate":[30],"to":[31,121,192,202],"academic":[32,114,122,241],"achievement":[33,123,242,246],"and":[34,71,112,124,143,155,185,201,212,240,248],"whether":[35,47],"artificial":[36],"intelligence":[37],"usage":[38,117,157,233],"functions":[39],"as":[40,100,126,234],"a":[41,127,235,244,249],"mediating":[42],"mechanism,":[43],"also":[45,118],"exploring":[46],"these":[48],"relationships":[49,83,178],"vary":[50],"regional":[52,76,204,255],"contexts.":[53,256],"A":[54],"quantitative,":[55],"cross-sectional":[56],"design":[57],"was":[58,137],"employed":[59],"using":[60,86,243],"an":[61],"online":[62],"questionnaire.":[63],"Data":[64],"were":[65,84,179],"collected":[66],"electronically":[67],"from":[68,226],"undergraduate":[70],"graduate":[72],"students":[73],"three":[75],"clusters":[77],"(Levant,":[78],"Gulf,":[79],"North":[80,144],"Africa).":[81],"Structural":[82],"tested":[85],"PLS-SEM":[87],"with":[88,109],"multi-group":[89,250],"analysis.The":[90],"structural":[91],"model":[92],"supported":[93],"all":[94],"hypothesised":[95],"relationships.":[96],"Digital":[97],"skills":[98,154],"emerged":[99],"primary":[102],"driver,":[103],"positively":[104],"influencing":[105],"both":[106],"engagement":[108],"their":[113],"achievement.":[115],"contributed":[119],"directly":[120],"operated":[125],"partial":[128],"mediator.":[129],"Multi-group":[130],"analysis":[131],"showed":[132],"that":[133,163,215],"overall":[135],"pattern":[136],"consistent":[138],"Levant,":[141],"Gulf":[142],"Africa;":[145],"however,":[146],"strength":[148],"of":[149],"relationship":[151],"between":[152,237],"differed":[158],"significantly":[159],"by":[160,230],"region,":[161],"suggesting":[162],"contextual":[164],"conditions":[165],"shape":[166],"readily":[168],"competence":[170],"translates":[171],"into":[172,218],"engagement,":[174],"remaining":[177],"broadly":[180],"stable.":[181],"For":[182],"educational":[183],"leaders":[184],"policymakers,":[186],"findings":[188],"highlight":[189],"need":[191],"strengthen":[193],"alongside":[197],"structured":[198],"literacy,":[200],"address":[203],"disparities":[205],"through":[206],"differentiated":[207],"institutional":[208],"supports,":[209],"infrastructure":[210],"investment,":[211],"pedagogical":[213],"capacity-building":[214],"embed":[216],"ecosystems.":[220],"The":[221],"contributes":[223],"novel":[224],"evidence":[225],"higher":[228],"testing":[231],"mediator":[236],"multidimensional":[245],"conceptualization":[247],"comparative":[251],"lens":[252],"distinct":[254]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-09T13:22:03.289127","created_date":"2026-09-30T00:00:00"}