{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7214799464","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2609.32286","title":"Single-or-Sample: Online Fair Allocation for Combinatorial Agents","display_name":"Single-or-Sample: Online Fair Allocation for Combinatorial Agents","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-09-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7214799464","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2609.32286"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2609.32286","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.32286","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2609.32286","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["arxiv","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2609.32286","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005407267","display_name":"Shuchi Chawla","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5583-2320","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5583-2320"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86519309","display_name":"The University of Texas at Austin","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj54h04","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chawla, Shuchi","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Texas , Austin"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Texas , Austin","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5153535175","display_name":"Zhiyi Huang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86519309","display_name":"The University of Texas at Austin","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj54h04","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huang, Zhiyi","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Texas , Austin"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Texas , Austin","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103247009","display_name":"Pooja Kulkarni","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1983-1317","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1983-1317"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40347166","display_name":"University of Chicago","ror":"https://ror.org/024mw5h28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40347166"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kulkarni, Pooja","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Chicago"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Chicago","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40347166"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070267732","display_name":"Ruta Mehta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1549-2752","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1549-2752"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mehta, Ruta","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5118790723","display_name":"Parnian Shahkar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1272-3663","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1272-3663"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204250578","display_name":"University of California, Irvine","ror":"https://ror.org/04gyf1771","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shahkar, Parnian","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California , Irvine"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California , Irvine","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10991","display_name":"Game Theory and Voting Systems","score":0.8949999809265137,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10991","display_name":"Game Theory and Voting Systems","score":0.8949999809265137,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12288","display_name":"Optimization and Search Problems","score":0.10010000318288803,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2614","display_name":"Theoretical Computer Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10720","display_name":"Complexity and Algorithms in Graphs","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fair-division","display_name":"fair division","score":0.828000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/indivisible-goods","display_name":"indivisible goods","score":0.8809999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/online-allocation","display_name":"online allocation","score":0.7639999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/submodular-valuations","display_name":"submodular valuations","score":0.8899999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/xos-valuations","display_name":"XOS valuations","score":0.9959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chernoff-bound","display_name":"Chernoff bound","score":0.6370000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/approximation-lower-bounds","display_name":"approximation lower bounds","score":0.6740000247955322}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178621042","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7631710","display_name":"Submodular set function","level":2,"score":0.7928000092506409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112313634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7886648","display_name":"Complement (music)","level":5,"score":0.6606000065803528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77553402","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13222579","display_name":"Upper and lower bounds","level":2,"score":0.5742999911308289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777027219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1284190","display_name":"Constant (computer programming)","level":2,"score":0.5335999727249146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.5110999941825867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128669082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q583461","display_name":"Randomized algorithm","level":2,"score":0.4950999915599823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149728462","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q751319","display_name":"Minimax","level":2,"score":0.47679999470710754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196921405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q786431","display_name":"Online algorithm","level":2,"score":0.4708000123500824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.46970000863075256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51823790","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q504353","display_name":"Greedy algorithm","level":2,"score":0.44359999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148764684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q621751","display_name":"Approximation algorithm","level":2,"score":0.4174000024795532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181789720","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4812191","display_name":"Asymptotically optimal algorithm","level":2,"score":0.4099000096321106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.4088999927043915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.4052000045776367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.3869999945163727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.38040000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48372109","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3913","display_name":"Binary number","level":2,"score":0.3702000081539154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13533509","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1064349","display_name":"Deterministic algorithm","level":2,"score":0.3456000089645386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776330181","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18358244","display_name":"Maximization","level":2,"score":0.34380000829696655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186027771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4008379","display_name":"Valuation (finance)","level":2,"score":0.3384999930858612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113138325","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q864457","display_name":"Knapsack problem","level":2,"score":0.3287999927997589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130120984","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2835898","display_name":"Distributed algorithm","level":2,"score":0.320499986410141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59919655","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5150821","display_name":"Combinatorial auction","level":3,"score":0.3188000023365021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41045048","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202843","display_name":"Linear programming","level":2,"score":0.31790000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153658351","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q746264","display_name":"Constant function","level":3,"score":0.31459999084472656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147764199","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6865248","display_name":"Minification","level":2,"score":0.29580000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.287200003862381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187166803","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2835831","display_name":"Streaming algorithm","level":3,"score":0.275299996137619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102408133","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5156350","display_name":"Competitive analysis","level":3,"score":0.2705000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149441793","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q200726","display_name":"Probability distribution","level":2,"score":0.26840001344680786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.2680000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137836250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q984063","display_name":"Optimization problem","level":2,"score":0.2653999924659729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15312841","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1657198","display_name":"Set function","level":3,"score":0.2635999917984009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149629883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660926","display_name":"Fraction (chemistry)","level":2,"score":0.2612000107765198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777303404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759757","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","level":2,"score":0.25619998574256897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776036281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48769818","display_name":"Constraint (computer-aided design)","level":2,"score":0.25459998846054077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106189395","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176789","display_name":"Markov decision process","level":3,"score":0.2508000135421753}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2609.32286","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.32286","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2609.32286","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2609.32286","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2609.32286","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2609.32286","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2609.32286","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.32286","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2609.32286","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7214799464.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7214799464.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1489827011","https://openalex.org/W1542025417","https://openalex.org/W1586896852","https://openalex.org/W1978593916","https://openalex.org/W1989227970","https://openalex.org/W2083459869","https://openalex.org/W2092322680","https://openalex.org/W2394014403","https://openalex.org/W2781953983","https://openalex.org/W2787109037","https://openalex.org/W2950941888","https://openalex.org/W2951362746","https://openalex.org/W3127972426","https://openalex.org/W3139029145","https://openalex.org/W3145017027","https://openalex.org/W3154858224","https://openalex.org/W3172157134","https://openalex.org/W4360833977","https://openalex.org/W4362693956","https://openalex.org/W4390575963","https://openalex.org/W4402922179","https://openalex.org/W4411945944","https://openalex.org/W4414359454","https://openalex.org/W4415798618"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4411946097","https://openalex.org/W4367190586","https://openalex.org/W2607725432","https://openalex.org/W2949121341","https://openalex.org/W7133199319","https://openalex.org/W3211709020","https://openalex.org/W7221766051","https://openalex.org/W7214012922","https://openalex.org/W2950941888","https://openalex.org/W6929534532"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,162],"study":[1],"the":[2,139],"fair":[3],"allocation":[4,26,55,127],"of":[5,116,146],"$m$":[6],"indivisible":[7],"goods":[8],"among":[9,138],"$n$":[10],"heterogeneous":[11],"agents":[12,59,73,101,178,202],"arriving":[13],"online,":[14],"under":[15],"maximin":[16],"share":[17],"(MMS)":[18],"fairness.":[19],"The":[20,149],"key":[21,113],"challenge":[22],"lies":[23],"in":[24,28,45,120,242],"making":[25],"decisions":[27],"an":[29,53],"adversarial":[30,46],"setting":[31],"without":[32],"knowing":[33],"future":[34],"agents'":[35],"valuations.":[36],"No":[37],"guarantees":[38,66],"were":[39],"known":[40],"prior":[41],"to":[42,69,71,95,176,200],"our":[43,117,157,224],"work":[44,118],"settings.":[47],"Our":[48,75],"main":[49],"positive":[50,136],"result":[51,142],"is":[52,119],"online":[54],"algorithm":[56,76,172,196,213],"for":[57,99,106,129,166,183,207,229],"submodular":[58],"that":[60,143,164],"with":[61,83,103,179,203,219],"probability":[62,104,153,180,204],"at":[63],"least":[64],"$0.4$":[65],"a":[67,78,97,141],"$1/24$-approximation":[68],"MMS":[70,234,237],"all":[72,100,177,201],"simultaneously.":[74],"intersperses":[77],"greedy-style":[79],"adaptive":[80,131],"sampling-without-replacement":[81],"protocol":[82],"single-good":[84],"reduction":[85],"rounds.":[86],"For":[87,187],"XOS":[88,188],"valuations,":[89,169,189],"we":[90],"adapt":[91],"this":[92,130],"single-or-sample":[93],"approach":[94],"guarantee":[96],"$c$-MMS":[98,175,199],"simultaneously":[102],"$1-O(c)$":[105],"any":[107,184,208,220],"parameter":[108],"$c\\in":[109,185,209],"O(1/\\log":[110],"n)$.":[111],"A":[112],"technical":[114],"contribution":[115],"establishing":[121],"Chernoff-style":[122],"tail":[123],"bounds":[124,192,226],"on":[125],"item":[126],"events":[128],"sampling":[132],"process":[133],"despite":[134],"strong":[135],"correlations":[137],"items,":[140],"may":[144],"be":[145,240],"independent":[147],"interest.":[148],"approximation":[150],"versus":[151],"success":[152],"tradeoffs":[154],"achieved":[155],"by":[156],"algorithms":[158],"are":[159],"asymptotically":[160],"tight.":[161],"show":[163],"even":[165,228],"binary":[167,231],"additive":[168],"no":[170,194,212],"randomized":[171,195],"can":[173,197,214,239],"ensure":[174,198],"exceeding":[181,205],"$(1-c^2/5)$,":[182],"(0,1]$.":[186,210],"stronger":[190],"lower":[191,225],"hold:":[193],"$(1-c/3)$,":[206],"Furthermore,":[211],"achieve":[215],"$\u03c9(1/\\log":[216],"\\log":[217],"n)$-MMS":[218],"constant":[221],"probability.":[222],"All":[223],"hold":[227],"simple":[230],"instances":[232],"whose":[233],"values":[235],"and":[236],"partitions":[238],"computed":[241],"linear":[243],"time.":[244]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2026-09-30T00:00:00"}