{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7214799413","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ddj.2026.100125","title":"Bringing high-fidelity 3D craniofacial assessment to the chairside: A low-cost smartphone pipeline via 2D Gaussian splatting","display_name":"Bringing high-fidelity 3D craniofacial assessment to the chairside: A low-cost smartphone pipeline via 2D Gaussian splatting","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-09-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7214799413","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ddj.2026.100125"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.ddj.2026.100125","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ddj.2026.100125","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ddj.2026.100125","pdf_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2950643326000590/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5407037129","display_name":"Digital Dentistry Journal","issn_l":"2950-6433","issn":["2950-6433"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["doaj"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Digital Dentistry Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2950643326000590/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109771361","display_name":"Fengcong Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4164-2463","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4164-2463"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210140274","display_name":"Jinan Stomatological Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/03j2mew82","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210140274"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Fengcong Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Orthodontics, Jinan Stomatological Hospital, Shandong Provincial Health Commission Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Tissue Regeneration, Shandong Medical and Pharmaceutical University. Jinan 250000, Shandong, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4164-2463","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Orthodontics, Jinan Stomatological Hospital, Shandong Provincial Health Commission Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Tissue Regeneration, Shandong Medical and Pharmaceutical University. Jinan 250000, Shandong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210140274"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135849718","display_name":"Yang Lyu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang Lyu","raw_affiliation_strings":["GreenOne Technology Consulting Co., Ltd., Jinan 250000, Shandong, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"GreenOne Technology Consulting Co., Ltd., Jinan 250000, Shandong, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5153523523","display_name":"Ping Liu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210140274","display_name":"Jinan Stomatological Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/03j2mew82","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210140274"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ping Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Orthodontics, Jinan Stomatological Hospital. Jinan 250000, Shandong, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Orthodontics, Jinan Stomatological Hospital. Jinan 250000, Shandong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210140274"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5153533313","display_name":"Donglai Liu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210140274","display_name":"Jinan Stomatological Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/03j2mew82","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210140274"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Donglai Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Orthodontics, Jinan Stomatological Hospital. Jinan 250000, Shandong, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Orthodontics, Jinan Stomatological Hospital. Jinan 250000, Shandong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210140274"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5109771361"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210140274"],"apc_list":{"value":2300,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2300},"apc_paid":{"value":2300,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2300},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.71857286,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"4","issue":"1","first_page":"100125","last_page":"100125"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10356","display_name":"Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics","score":0.6518999934196472,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3505","display_name":"Orthodontics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/35","display_name":"Dentistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10356","display_name":"Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics","score":0.6518999934196472,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3505","display_name":"Orthodontics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/35","display_name":"Dentistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.2142000049352646,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11211","display_name":"3D Surveying and Cultural Heritage","score":0.02979999966919422,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1907","display_name":"Geology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/3d-face-reconstruction","display_name":"3D face reconstruction","score":0.7990000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/2d-gaussian-splatting","display_name":"2D Gaussian Splatting","score":0.9179999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stereophotogrammetry","display_name":"stereophotogrammetry","score":0.7749999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/camera-pose-estimation","display_name":"camera pose estimation","score":0.6779999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/orthodontic-treatment-planning","display_name":"orthodontic treatment planning","score":0.8379999995231628}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7221999764442444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.6183000206947327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.616599977016449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43521106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2165493","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","level":2,"score":0.5144000053405762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121684516","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7600677","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","level":1,"score":0.39750000834465027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163716315","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901177","display_name":"Gaussian","level":2,"score":0.3540000021457672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65892221","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1113935","display_name":"Gaussian filter","level":3,"score":0.2912999987602234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61326573","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1496376","display_name":"Gaussian process","level":3,"score":0.27459999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.27140000462532043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.26829999685287476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.26579999923706055}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.ddj.2026.100125","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ddj.2026.100125","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ddj.2026.100125","pdf_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2950643326000590/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5407037129","display_name":"Digital Dentistry Journal","issn_l":"2950-6433","issn":["2950-6433"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["doaj"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Digital Dentistry Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:70ecf8811a16421b993ddfde8fed7458","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/70ecf8811a16421b993ddfde8fed7458","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Digital Dentistry Journal, Vol 4, Iss 1, Pp 100125- (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.ddj.2026.100125","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ddj.2026.100125","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ddj.2026.100125","pdf_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2950643326000590/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5407037129","display_name":"Digital Dentistry Journal","issn_l":"2950-6433","issn":["2950-6433"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["doaj"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Digital Dentistry Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.7246000170707703,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F6494209483","display_name":"Jinan Municipal Health Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/045j3zf19"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7214799413.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7214799413.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2121060527","https://openalex.org/W2471962767","https://openalex.org/W2659343697","https://openalex.org/W3000871173","https://openalex.org/W3013294478","https://openalex.org/W3039644630","https://openalex.org/W3119071838","https://openalex.org/W3197552266","https://openalex.org/W3201573470","https://openalex.org/W4225096602","https://openalex.org/W4360620246","https://openalex.org/W4362681635","https://openalex.org/W4376109912","https://openalex.org/W4385318467","https://openalex.org/W4389118115","https://openalex.org/W4393248012","https://openalex.org/W4393321641","https://openalex.org/W4393991141","https://openalex.org/W4399810870","https://openalex.org/W4402382010","https://openalex.org/W4403095083","https://openalex.org/W4403101615","https://openalex.org/W4403736063","https://openalex.org/W4405601733","https://openalex.org/W4406788428","https://openalex.org/W4406962653","https://openalex.org/W4410382360","https://openalex.org/W4410472318","https://openalex.org/W4410790475","https://openalex.org/W4411256009","https://openalex.org/W4412673788","https://openalex.org/W4414948028","https://openalex.org/W4415045750","https://openalex.org/W4415233080","https://openalex.org/W4415250499","https://openalex.org/W4415270795","https://openalex.org/W4415656910","https://openalex.org/W4415668102","https://openalex.org/W4416337009","https://openalex.org/W7134813740","https://openalex.org/W7148371267","https://openalex.org/W7151539917","https://openalex.org/W7160837778","https://openalex.org/W7168733022"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4388498378","https://openalex.org/W4405601733","https://openalex.org/W4296379017","https://openalex.org/W4409013076","https://openalex.org/W4390467930","https://openalex.org/W6920279903","https://openalex.org/W4406233516","https://openalex.org/W7161057641","https://openalex.org/W6960894606","https://openalex.org/W4367309804"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Objective":[0],"This":[1],"study":[2],"aimed":[3],"to":[4,210],"develop":[5],"and":[6,22,45,69,99,118,131,160,174,185,190,217],"validate":[7],"a":[8,54,170,177,215],"smartphone-based":[9],"pipeline":[10,29,87,148,197],"for":[11,180],"generating":[12],"clinically":[13,74,132,142,166,202],"interpretable":[14],"three-dimensional":[15],"(3D)":[16],"facial":[17,76,153,181],"models":[18,82,206],"using":[19,59,155],"locally":[20],"deployable":[21],"low-cost":[23,216],"hardware.":[24,163],"Methods":[25],"A":[26],"five-phase":[27],"reconstruction":[28,154],"was":[30,51],"developed,":[31],"including":[32],"image":[33],"acquisition,":[34],"foreground":[35],"matting,":[36],"camera":[37],"pose":[38],"estimation,":[39],"two-dimensional":[40],"Gaussian":[41],"Splatting":[42],"(2DGS)":[43],"reconstruction,":[44],"metric":[46,151],"scale":[47],"calibration.":[48],"Reconstruction":[49],"accuracy":[50,208],"evaluated":[52],"against":[53],"reference":[55,94,119,171],"3dMD":[56,95],"stereophotogrammetry":[57,172,212],"system":[58,173],"Hausdorff":[60,98],"distance":[61],"analysis,":[62],"linear":[63,126],"regression,":[64],"intraclass":[65],"correlation":[66],"coefficients":[67],"(ICC),":[68],"Bland\u2013Altman":[70],"analysis":[71],"of":[72,135,201,225],"five":[73],"relevant":[75],"landmark":[77],"measurements.":[78],"Results":[79],"The":[80,146,195],"reconstructed":[81,117],"generated":[83],"by":[84],"the":[85,93,116,199,223],"proposed":[86,147,196],"demonstrated":[88,112,165],"good":[89],"geometric":[90],"agreement":[91,114,168],"with":[92,121,169,207],"models.":[96],"Mean":[97],"root":[100],"mean":[101],"square":[102],"(RMS)":[103],"errors":[104,139],"remained":[105,140],"low":[106],"across":[107],"all":[108],"participants.":[109],"Landmark-based":[110],"analyses":[111],"strong":[113,125],"between":[115],"models,":[120],"high":[122],"ICC":[123],"values,":[124],"correlations,":[127],"minimal":[128],"systematic":[129],"bias,":[130],"acceptable":[133,167],"limits":[134],"agreement.":[136],"Absolute":[137],"measurement":[138],"within":[141],"meaningful":[143],"ranges.":[144],"Conclusion":[145],"enables":[149,198],"accurate":[150],"3D":[152,204],"widely":[156],"available":[157],"mobile":[158],"devices":[159],"consumer-grade":[161],"computing":[162],"It":[164],"may":[175,221],"provide":[176],"practical":[178],"alternative":[179],"assessment,":[182],"treatment":[183],"planning,":[184],"longitudinal":[186],"follow-up":[187],"in":[188,229],"orthodontic":[189],"craniofacial":[191,205,227],"applications.":[192],"Clinical":[193],"Significance":[194],"generation":[200],"measurable":[203],"comparable":[209],"commercial":[211],"systems,":[213],"offering":[214],"scalable":[218],"approach":[219],"that":[220],"facilitate":[222],"adoption":[224],"quantitative":[226],"assessment":[228],"routine":[230],"dental":[231],"settings.":[232]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-08T12:12:28.789561","created_date":"2026-09-30T00:00:00"}