{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7214798594","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2609.34617","title":"Quantum Entanglement in Variational Quantum Classification for Breast Cancer Diagnosis","display_name":"Quantum Entanglement in Variational Quantum Classification for Breast Cancer Diagnosis","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-09-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7214798594","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2609.34617"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2609.34617","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.34617","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2609.34617","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["arxiv","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2609.34617","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5153503044","display_name":"Zineb Hazmoun","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99297268","display_name":"University of Hassan II Casablanca","ror":"https://ror.org/001q4kn48","country_code":"MA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99297268"]}],"countries":["MA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hazmoun, Zineb","raw_affiliation_strings":["Quantum Physics and Magnetism Team , LPMC , Faculty of Sciences Ben M'sick , Hassan II University of Casablanca , Casablanca , Morocco"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Quantum Physics and Magnetism Team , LPMC , Faculty of Sciences Ben M'sick , Hassan II University of Casablanca , Casablanca , Morocco","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99297268"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002565729","display_name":"Z. Sakhi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9258-6373","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9258-6373"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99297268","display_name":"University of Hassan II Casablanca","ror":"https://ror.org/001q4kn48","country_code":"MA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99297268"]}],"countries":["MA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sakhi, Zoubida","raw_affiliation_strings":["Quantum Physics and Magnetism Team , LPMC , Faculty of Sciences Ben M'sick , Hassan II University of Casablanca , Casablanca , Morocco"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Quantum Physics and Magnetism Team , LPMC , Faculty of Sciences Ben M'sick , Hassan II University of Casablanca , Casablanca , Morocco","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99297268"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082594521","display_name":"Mohamed Bennai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7364-5171","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7364-5171","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4162-0287","https://orcid.org/0009-0000-6439-5062","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6106-5196"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99297268","display_name":"University of Hassan II Casablanca","ror":"https://ror.org/001q4kn48","country_code":"MA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99297268"]}],"countries":["MA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bennai, Mohamed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Quantum Physics and Magnetism Team , LPMC , Faculty of Sciences Ben M'sick , Hassan II University of Casablanca , Casablanca , Morocco"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Quantum Physics and Magnetism Team , LPMC , Faculty of Sciences Ben M'sick , Hassan II University of Casablanca , Casablanca , Morocco","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99297268"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99297268"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11804","display_name":"Quantum many-body systems","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11396","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3605","display_name":"Health Information Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-entanglement","display_name":"quantum entanglement","score":0.9200000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variational-quantum-classifier","display_name":"variational quantum classifier","score":0.9150000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/breast-cancer-diagnosis","display_name":"breast cancer diagnosis","score":0.9919999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/von-neumann-entropy","display_name":"von Neumann entropy","score":0.7789999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heisenberg-exchange-interaction","display_name":"Heisenberg exchange interaction","score":0.734000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ising-coupling","display_name":"Ising coupling","score":0.9480000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-machine-learning","display_name":"quantum machine learning","score":0.8069999814033508}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121040770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215675","display_name":"Quantum entanglement","level":3,"score":0.8324000239372253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101973423","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6961323","display_name":"Von Neumann entropy","level":4,"score":0.6621999740600586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.5482000112533569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139356082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7269038","display_name":"Quantum discord","level":4,"score":0.5386999845504761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106301342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4117933","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","level":2,"score":0.5009999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84114770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344","display_name":"Quantum","level":2,"score":0.47519999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C530470458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128581","display_name":"Breast cancer","level":3,"score":0.4465000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.4101000130176544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24495805","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7269091","display_name":"Quantum relative entropy","level":5,"score":0.40070000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5084201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17090689","display_name":"Generalized relative entropy","level":5,"score":0.3977999985218048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.3693000078201294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131584629","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4308705","display_name":"Coupling (piping)","level":2,"score":0.3601999878883362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.34769999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121864883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q677916","display_name":"Statistical physics","level":1,"score":0.3301999866962433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184720557","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7825049","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","level":2,"score":0.326200008392334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15706264","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q230883","display_name":"Quantum state","level":3,"score":0.3158999979496002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42047476","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6269544","display_name":"Joint quantum entropy","level":3,"score":0.2980000078678131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13460635","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q85753676","display_name":"Classification scheme","level":2,"score":0.2809000015258789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.28040000796318054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32270708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7582152","display_name":"Squashed entanglement","level":4,"score":0.2775000035762787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206040425","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4748511","display_name":"Amplitude damping channel","level":5,"score":0.27129998803138733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187486625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2122176","display_name":"Quantum channel","level":4,"score":0.2651999890804291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.26350000500679016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64775481","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798613","display_name":"Quantum mutual information","level":5,"score":0.2632000148296356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776257435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1576430","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","level":2,"score":0.2619999945163727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118615104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121416","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","level":1,"score":0.2563000023365021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142611142","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1433083","display_name":"R\u00e9nyi entropy","level":3,"score":0.2533000111579895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169699857","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2122243","display_name":"Quantum information","level":3,"score":0.2524000108242035}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2609.34617","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.34617","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2609.34617","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2609.34617","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2609.34617","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2609.34617","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2609.34617","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.34617","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2609.34617","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7214798594.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7214798594.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1969557815","https://openalex.org/W2011208902","https://openalex.org/W2015811642","https://openalex.org/W2065281378","https://openalex.org/W2171823766","https://openalex.org/W2559394418","https://openalex.org/W2755255888","https://openalex.org/W2781738013","https://openalex.org/W2788945937","https://openalex.org/W2792946961","https://openalex.org/W2794444783","https://openalex.org/W2798434869","https://openalex.org/W2945680873","https://openalex.org/W2989272346","https://openalex.org/W3156478900","https://openalex.org/W4296126438","https://openalex.org/W4390942171","https://openalex.org/W4391376447","https://openalex.org/W4402928081","https://openalex.org/W4410034945","https://openalex.org/W6912284476"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7160309077","https://openalex.org/W7216057511","https://openalex.org/W7220503723","https://openalex.org/W7221944030","https://openalex.org/W4390988015","https://openalex.org/W7167692782","https://openalex.org/W4285602962","https://openalex.org/W4416874020","https://openalex.org/W7161792762","https://openalex.org/W4297920794"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"study":[1],"looks":[2],"at":[3],"how":[4],"the":[5,23,37,76,81,88,113,119,138],"entangling":[6,51,156],"structure":[7,157],"of":[8],"a":[9,53,59,66,151],"variational":[10],"quantum":[11],"classifier":[12],"(VQC)":[13],"relates":[14],"to":[15,86,94,100,107],"its":[16],"performance":[17,125],"in":[18,49],"breast":[19],"cancer":[20],"diagnosis,":[21],"using":[22],"Wisconsin":[24],"Diagnostic":[25],"Breast":[26],"Cancer":[27],"(WDBC)":[28],"dataset.":[29],"We":[30],"tested":[31],"three":[32],"three-qubit":[33],"configurations":[34],"that":[35],"share":[36],"same":[38],"EfficientSU2":[39],"ansatz,":[40],"COBYLA":[41],"optimizer,":[42],"and":[43,65,80,102,124,128,158],"stratified":[44],"five-fold":[45],"cross-validation,":[46],"but":[47],"differ":[48],"their":[50],"structure:":[52],"single-":[54],"repetition":[55],"Ising-type":[56,62],"coupling":[57,63,70],"(A),":[58],"two-repetition":[60],"linear":[61],"(B),":[64],"fully":[67,143],"connected":[68],"Heisenberg-type":[69],"(C).":[71],"Entanglement":[72],"was":[73,111],"measured":[74],"with":[75],"von":[77],"Neumann":[78],"entropy":[79,90],"Wootters":[82],"concurrence.":[83],"From":[84],"A":[85],"C,":[87],"mean":[89],"rose":[91,97,104],"from":[92,98,105],"0.40":[93],"0.71,":[95],"accuracy":[96],"92.98%":[99],"93.68%,":[101],"F1-score":[103],"90.32%":[106],"91.28%.":[108],"Configuration":[109],"C":[110],"also":[112,133],"most":[114],"stable":[115],"across":[116],"folds.":[117],"However,":[118],"fold-level":[120],"correlations":[121],"between":[122,155],"entanglement":[123],"were":[126],"weak":[127],"not":[129,150],"significant.":[130],"Richer":[131],"topologies":[132],"increase":[134],"circuit":[135],"expressivity,":[136],"so":[137],"two":[139],"effects":[140],"cannot":[141],"be":[142],"separated.":[144],"These":[145],"results":[146],"show":[147],"an":[148],"association,":[149],"proven":[152],"causal":[153],"link,":[154],"VQC":[159],"performance.":[160]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2026-09-30T00:00:00"}