{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7214773157","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2609.32083","title":"When Should a Human Take Back Control? Optimal Delegation under Turbulent AI Risk","display_name":"When Should a Human Take Back Control? Optimal Delegation under Turbulent AI Risk","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-09-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7214773157","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2609.32083"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2609.32083","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.32083","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2609.32083","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["arxiv","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2609.32083","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123415959","display_name":"Yan Haoze","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yan, Haoze","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Industrial Engineering and Operations Research , UC Berkeley , United States","\u2021 Stoa , United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Industrial Engineering and Operations Research , UC Berkeley , United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"\u2021 Stoa , United States","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030204197","display_name":"Julien Roz\u00e9","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Roze, Julien","raw_affiliation_strings":["\u2020 Stoa , United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"\u2020 Stoa , United States","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5153463957","display_name":"Ved Upadhyay","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Upadhyay, Ved","raw_affiliation_strings":["\u2020 Stoa , United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"\u2020 Stoa , United States","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034254520","display_name":"Unal Tatar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8233-9566","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8233-9566"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I392282","display_name":"University at Albany, State University of New York","ror":"https://ror.org/012zs8222","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I392282"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tatar, Unal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Cybersecurity , University at Albany , SUNY , United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Cybersecurity , University at Albany , SUNY , United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I392282"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077645889","display_name":"Thibaut Mastrolia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0578-0168","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0578-0168"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mastrolia, Thibaut","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Industrial Engineering and Operations Research , UC Berkeley , United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Industrial Engineering and Operations Research , UC Berkeley , United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.6840999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3307","display_name":"Human Factors and Ergonomics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.6840999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3307","display_name":"Human Factors and Ergonomics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.08810000121593475,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10462","display_name":"Reinforcement Learning in Robotics","score":0.022700000554323196,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ai-risk-management","display_name":"AI risk management","score":0.8080000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/self-exciting-point-processes","display_name":"self-exciting point processes","score":0.7760000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hawkes-process","display_name":"Hawkes process","score":0.847000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stochastic-control","display_name":"stochastic control","score":0.6159999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/switching-control","display_name":"switching control","score":0.5960000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/policy-gradient","display_name":"policy gradient","score":0.5249999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"reinforcement learning","score":0.5590000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cascading-failures","display_name":"cascading failures","score":0.6000000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/monitoring-effort","display_name":"monitoring effort","score":0.6330000162124634}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86532276","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1184065","display_name":"Delegation","level":2,"score":0.8335000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143273055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2382794","display_name":"Delegate","level":2,"score":0.8126000165939331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.6204000115394592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6007999777793884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.5181999802589417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.5072000026702881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168167062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1117970","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.44780001044273376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42475967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292","display_name":"Operations research","level":1,"score":0.3840000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32896092","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189447","display_name":"Risk management","level":2,"score":0.3677000105381012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125014702","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4680749","display_name":"Adaptive learning","level":2,"score":0.352400004863739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3149999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12174686","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1058438","display_name":"Risk assessment","level":2,"score":0.31369999051094055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147513830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5938602","display_name":"Human systems engineering","level":2,"score":0.29330000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.28790000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167966045","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532625","display_name":"Generative model","level":3,"score":0.28769999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91575142","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1971426","display_name":"Optimal control","level":2,"score":0.28299999237060547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37404715","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380679","display_name":"Dynamic programming","level":2,"score":0.27730000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780665704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959298","display_name":"Intervention (counseling)","level":2,"score":0.27639999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77405623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q598451","display_name":"System dynamics","level":2,"score":0.2750000059604645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.27469998598098755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144587487","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1369234","display_name":"Systemic risk","level":3,"score":0.27239999175071716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39389867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380767","display_name":"Corporate governance","level":2,"score":0.25760000944137573}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2609.32083","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.32083","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2609.32083","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2609.32083","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2609.32083","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2609.32083","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2609.32083","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.32083","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2609.32083","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7214773157.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7214773157.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":13,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2173248099","https://openalex.org/W4381252103","https://openalex.org/W4388963611","https://openalex.org/W4391988182","https://openalex.org/W4414938009","https://openalex.org/W4414945743","https://openalex.org/W4415160738","https://openalex.org/W4415972402","https://openalex.org/W4417071264","https://openalex.org/W6910824972","https://openalex.org/W7103754783","https://openalex.org/W7128378279","https://openalex.org/W7164037545"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7164895565","https://openalex.org/W7214202627","https://openalex.org/W7223465377","https://openalex.org/W7167900085","https://openalex.org/W7214120972","https://openalex.org/W7218728636","https://openalex.org/W7203634534","https://openalex.org/W7163161657","https://openalex.org/W7171667206","https://openalex.org/W7131437945"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Deploying":[0],"AI":[1,21,57,129,233],"systems":[2],"requires":[3],"deciding":[4],"when":[5,10,27,156],"to":[6,14,109,164,248],"delegate":[7],"tasks":[8],"and":[9,16,61,84,106,122,127,137,140,160,172,203,223,245,259],"humans":[11],"should":[12],"intervene":[13],"monitor":[15,249],"mitigate":[17],"risk":[18,95,150],"induced":[19,141],"by":[20,76,216],"operations.":[22],"These":[23],"decisions":[24],"are":[25],"challenging":[26],"failures":[28],"cluster:":[29],"a":[30,46,113,168,175,180,190,195],"hallucination":[31],"or":[32,73],"harmful":[33],"output":[34],"can":[35],"trigger":[36],"further":[37],"errors,":[38],"creating":[39],"periods":[40],"of":[41,100,149,182,185,232,241],"elevated":[42],"risk.":[43,58],"We":[44,111,166,209],"introduce":[45],"continuous-time":[47],"framework":[48],"for":[49],"learning":[50,227],"adaptive":[51,229],"human":[52,118,230],"oversight":[53,60,135,157,231],"under":[54],"such":[55],"turbulent":[56,256],"Existing":[59],"delegation":[62,82],"formulations":[63],"condition":[64],"on":[65],"history":[66,107],"but":[67],"do":[68],"not":[69],"model":[70],"incident":[71,187],"clustering,":[72],"its":[74],"suppression":[75],"supervision":[77],"effort,":[78,121],"jointly":[79],"with":[80,213,228],"the":[81,98,152,239,250],"decision":[83],"this":[85,88],"study":[86,167],"fixes":[87],"gap.":[89],"The":[90],"self-exciting":[91],"dynamics":[92],"capture":[93],"how":[94,161,218],"events":[96],"increase":[97],"likelihood":[99],"subsequent":[101],"events,":[102],"making":[103],"their":[104],"timing":[105],"central":[108],"decision-making.":[110],"formulate":[112],"stochastic":[114],"control":[115],"problem":[116],"combining":[117],"actions,":[119],"monitoring":[120],"switching":[123,170,243],"between":[124],"human-AI-assisted":[125],"operation":[126],"full":[128],"delegation,":[130,224],"balancing":[131],"operational":[132],"rewards":[133],"against":[134],"costs,":[136],"cascading":[138],"AI-failures":[139],"uncertainty.":[142],"Human":[143],"participation":[144],"is":[145,158],"an":[146,205],"endogenous":[147],"component":[148],"management:":[151],"policy":[153],"determines":[154],"both":[155],"needed":[159],"much":[162],"effort":[163],"allocate.":[165],"relaxed":[169],"formulation":[171],"propose":[173],"Hawkes-PPO,":[174],"policy-gradient":[176],"method":[177],"that":[178],"uses":[179],"bank":[181],"exponential":[183],"filters":[184],"observed":[186],"times.":[188],"In":[189,235],"synthetic":[191],"environment":[192],"it":[193],"attains":[194],"higher":[196],"risk-adjusted":[197],"objective":[198],"than":[199],"either":[200],"fixed":[201],"regime":[202],"approaches":[204],"approximate":[206],"full-information":[207],"oracle.":[208],"illustrate":[210,238],"our":[211,242],"results":[212],"numerical":[214],"simulations":[215],"examining":[217],"cascade":[219],"risks":[220,257],"influence":[221],"intervention":[222],"connecting":[225],"reinforcement":[226],"systems.":[234],"particular,":[236],"we":[237],"benefit":[240],"strategy":[244],"Hawkes-PPO":[246],"algorithm":[247],"project":[251],"efficiently":[252],"along":[253],"time,":[254],"reducing":[255],"occurrences":[258],"costs.":[260]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2026-09-30T00:00:00"}