{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7214770762","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/spq.2026.10033","title":"Decomposing the Costs of Voting: Voter Registration and Ballot-Casting Costs in the American States","display_name":"Decomposing the Costs of Voting: Voter Registration and Ballot-Casting Costs in the American States","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-09-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7214770762","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/spq.2026.10033"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1017/spq.2026.10033","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/spq.2026.10033","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/spq.2026.10033","pdf_url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/4C0E387DB5B8CBB1B2B2EF7C9F53DB38/S1532440026100334a.pdf/div-class-title-decomposing-the-costs-of-voting-voter-registration-and-ballot-casting-costs-in-the-american-states-div.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S148921865","display_name":"State Politics & Policy Quarterly","issn_l":"1532-4400","issn":["1532-4400","1946-1607"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"State Politics & Policy Quarterly","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/4C0E387DB5B8CBB1B2B2EF7C9F53DB38/S1532440026100334a.pdf/div-class-title-decomposing-the-costs-of-voting-voter-registration-and-ballot-casting-costs-in-the-american-states-div.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002054235","display_name":"Michael J. Pomante","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136722135","display_name":"Claremont Graduate University","ror":"https://ror.org/0157pnt69","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136722135"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael J. Pomante","raw_affiliation_strings":["Claremont Graduate University","University of Michigan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Claremont Graduate University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136722135"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Michigan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020163430","display_name":"Joseph A. Coll","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2795-6542","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2795-6542"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12315562","display_name":"Texas Tech University","ror":"https://ror.org/0405mnx93","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12315562"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Joseph A. Coll","raw_affiliation_strings":["Texas Tech University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2795-6542","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Texas Tech University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12315562"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073473737","display_name":"Scott LaCombe","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0653-4006","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0653-4006"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76835614","display_name":"University of Missouri","ror":"https://ror.org/02ymw8z06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76835614"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Scott J. LaCombe","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Missouri"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0653-4006","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Missouri","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76835614"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5020163430"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12315562"],"apc_list":{"value":3550,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3550},"apc_paid":{"value":3550,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3550},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.6903503,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"14"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10108","display_name":"Electoral Systems and Political Participation","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10108","display_name":"Electoral Systems and Political Participation","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13291","display_name":"Political Theory and Democracy","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cost-of-voting","display_name":"voting costs","score":0.7609999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voter-registration","display_name":"voter registration","score":0.9750000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voter-turnout","display_name":"voter turnout","score":0.6589999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state-typology","display_name":"state typology","score":0.4490000009536743}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520049643","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189760","display_name":"Voting","level":3,"score":0.7961999773979187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777094542","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905151","display_name":"Ballot","level":4,"score":0.7519000172615051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780030507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1980404","display_name":"Voter registration","level":4,"score":0.6638000011444092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75795011","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q917904","display_name":"Typology","level":2,"score":0.6401000022888184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136197465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","level":2,"score":0.5120000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70095417","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4774437","display_name":"Anti-plurality voting","level":5,"score":0.5001999735832214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188198153","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1613840","display_name":"Limiting","level":2,"score":0.4717999994754791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100001284","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2248246","display_name":"Public economics","level":1,"score":0.45829999446868896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776291640","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2912517","display_name":"Value (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.438400000333786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162118730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1128453","display_name":"Actuarial science","level":1,"score":0.4088999927043915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777382242","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6017816","display_name":"Index (typography)","level":2,"score":0.38909998536109924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.38670000433921814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117763746","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5281306","display_name":"Disapproval voting","level":4,"score":0.3538999855518341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177324205","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2540376","display_name":"Voting behavior","level":4,"score":0.3352999985218048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.32820001244544983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.3181000053882599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.3125999867916107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98184364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1780131","display_name":"Argument (complex analysis)","level":2,"score":0.30709999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3116431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31728","display_name":"Public administration","level":1,"score":0.3000999987125397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201236551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310809","display_name":"Relative value","level":2,"score":0.298799991607666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167654663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5038645","display_name":"Cardinal voting systems","level":4,"score":0.29280000925064087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.2856999933719635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.26109999418258667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.259799987077713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153668964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q27636","display_name":"Majority rule","level":2,"score":0.2587999999523163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781396049","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7942158","display_name":"Voter model","level":2,"score":0.25690001249313354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48226144","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5557375","display_name":"First-past-the-post voting","level":4,"score":0.25459998846054077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102483414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4996825","display_name":"Bullet voting","level":5,"score":0.25459998846054077}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1017/spq.2026.10033","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/spq.2026.10033","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/spq.2026.10033","pdf_url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/4C0E387DB5B8CBB1B2B2EF7C9F53DB38/S1532440026100334a.pdf/div-class-title-decomposing-the-costs-of-voting-voter-registration-and-ballot-casting-costs-in-the-american-states-div.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S148921865","display_name":"State Politics & Policy Quarterly","issn_l":"1532-4400","issn":["1532-4400","1946-1607"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"State Politics & Policy Quarterly","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1017/spq.2026.10033","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/spq.2026.10033","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/spq.2026.10033","pdf_url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/4C0E387DB5B8CBB1B2B2EF7C9F53DB38/S1532440026100334a.pdf/div-class-title-decomposing-the-costs-of-voting-voter-registration-and-ballot-casting-costs-in-the-american-states-div.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S148921865","display_name":"State Politics & Policy Quarterly","issn_l":"1532-4400","issn":["1532-4400","1946-1607"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"State Politics & Policy Quarterly","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.666700005531311}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7214770762.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7214770762.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":13,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1906213920","https://openalex.org/W2039094438","https://openalex.org/W2117318745","https://openalex.org/W2323423201","https://openalex.org/W2337038040","https://openalex.org/W2484021368","https://openalex.org/W2574388879","https://openalex.org/W3032162695","https://openalex.org/W3215377069","https://openalex.org/W4387666565","https://openalex.org/W4395454931","https://openalex.org/W4400932706","https://openalex.org/W4402568571"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3027102339","https://openalex.org/W2946908623","https://openalex.org/W3004014371","https://openalex.org/W3093357896","https://openalex.org/W2888191614","https://openalex.org/W7005524296","https://openalex.org/W4402886642","https://openalex.org/W2765974682","https://openalex.org/W4296340290","https://openalex.org/W7096040406"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Voting":[1,81],"in":[2,26,169],"the":[3,18,21,44,57,64,78,97,100,115],"United":[4],"States":[5],"involves":[6],"two":[7],"steps:":[8],"registering":[9],"to":[10,142,158],"vote":[11],"and":[12,32,40,50,69,87,112,131,171],"then":[13],"casting":[14],"a":[15,104,159],"ballot.":[16],"At":[17],"same":[19],"time,":[20],"US":[22],"states":[23],"differ":[24],"greatly":[25],"what":[27],"policies":[28],"govern":[29],"their":[30,67,70],"registration":[31,49,86,130],"voting":[33,65],"processes.":[34],"However,":[35],"election":[36,109],"scholars":[37,141],"lack":[38],"comprehensive":[39],"comparable":[41],"measures":[42,84,119],"of":[43,47,56,60,63,80,85,99,107,117,123,161],"distinct":[45],"costs":[46],"voter":[48,165],"ballot":[51],"casting,":[52],"limiting":[53],"our":[54],"understanding":[55],"relative":[58],"difficulty":[59],"each":[61,137],"step":[62],"process,":[66],"causes,":[68],"consequences.":[71],"To":[72],"alleviate":[73],"this":[74,134],"issue,":[75],"we":[76,94],"decompose":[77],"Cost":[79],"Index":[82],"into":[83],"ballot-casting":[88,132],"costs,":[89],"separately.":[90],"In":[91],"doing":[92],"so,":[93],"(1)":[95],"demonstrate":[96,114],"multidimensionality":[98],"COVI,":[101],"(2)":[102],"create":[103],"four-category":[105],"typology":[106],"state-level":[108],"access":[110],"ecosystems,":[111],"(3)":[113],"value":[116],"these":[118],"through":[120],"brief":[121],"examinations":[122],"frequently":[124],"studied":[125],"research":[126,162],"questions.":[127],"By":[128],"disentangling":[129],"policies,":[133],"approach":[135],"distinguishes":[136],"policy":[138],"arena,":[139],"allowing":[140],"examine":[143],"key":[144],"theoretical":[145],"debates":[146],"about":[147],"where":[148],"institutional":[149],"barriers":[150],"matter":[151],"most.":[152],"These":[153],"scores":[154],"can":[155],"be":[156],"applied":[157],"variety":[160],"questions,":[163],"including":[164],"turnout,":[166],"citizen":[167],"confidence":[168],"elections,":[170],"beyond.":[172]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-03T13:16:28.481748","created_date":"2026-09-30T00:00:00"}