{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7214768498","doi":"https://doi.org/10.30521/jes.1919234","title":"Does energy equity matter in T\u00fcrkiye? Evidence from regional electricity consumption and income inequality (2014\u20132021)","display_name":"Does energy equity matter in T\u00fcrkiye? Evidence from regional electricity consumption and income inequality (2014\u20132021)","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-09-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7214768498","doi":"https://doi.org/10.30521/jes.1919234"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.30521/jes.1919234","doi":"https://doi.org/10.30521/jes.1919234","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.30521/jes.1919234","pdf_url":"https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/5860639","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210194011","display_name":"Journal of Energy Systems","issn_l":"2602-2052","issn":["2602-2052"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","poland-20","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Energy Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/5860639","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070015031","display_name":"Maya Moalla","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4076-2790","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4076-2790"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51780484","display_name":"Mersin \u00dcniversitesi","ror":"https://ror.org/04nqdwb39","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51780484"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maya Moalla","raw_affiliation_strings":["MERS\u0130N \u00dcN\u0130VERS\u0130TES\u0130"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4076-2790","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MERS\u0130N \u00dcN\u0130VERS\u0130TES\u0130","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51780484"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006579554","display_name":"Seval Oral Ozkan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-0392-6473","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0007-0392-6473"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129994210","display_name":"Do\u011fu\u015f University","ror":"https://ror.org/0272rjm42","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129994210"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"\u015eifa \u00d6zkan","raw_affiliation_strings":["DO\u011eU\u015e \u00dcN\u0130VERS\u0130TES\u0130"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-0392-6473","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DO\u011eU\u015e \u00dcN\u0130VERS\u0130TES\u0130","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129994210"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"3","first_page":"144","last_page":"156"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10438","display_name":"Energy, Environment, Economic Growth","score":0.9911999702453613,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10438","display_name":"Energy, Environment, Economic Growth","score":0.9911999702453613,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10446","display_name":"Income, Poverty, and Inequality","score":0.0017000000225380063,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13867","display_name":"Economic Growth and Development","score":0.00139999995008111,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-equity","display_name":"energy equity","score":0.984000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electricity-consumption","display_name":"electricity consumption","score":0.9390000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/income-inequality","display_name":"income inequality","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regional-disparities","display_name":"regional disparities","score":0.5009999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gini-coefficient","display_name":"Gini coefficient","score":0.7540000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-infrastructure-investment","display_name":"energy infrastructure investment","score":0.5870000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/industrial-areas","display_name":"industrial areas","score":0.4950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agricultural-land","display_name":"agricultural land","score":0.6340000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-demand","display_name":"energy demand","score":0.34700000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-policy","display_name":"energy policy","score":0.39500001072883606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/turkey","display_name":"Turkey","score":0.8500000238418579}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.8256999850273132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C513380476","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5055020","display_name":"Economic inequality","level":3,"score":0.6150000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145162277","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1751675","display_name":"Cointegration","level":2,"score":0.607200026512146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779206190","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162455","display_name":"Gini coefficient","level":4,"score":0.5800999999046326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199728807","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2578557","display_name":"Equity (law)","level":2,"score":0.5133000016212463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6422946","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q857354","display_name":"Panel data","level":2,"score":0.48010000586509705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45555294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28113351","display_name":"Inequality","level":2,"score":0.4763999879360199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129824826","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2630107","display_name":"Granger causality","level":2,"score":0.47290000319480896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30772137","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164762","display_name":"Consumption (sociology)","level":2,"score":0.46219998598098755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.427700012922287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206658404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12725","display_name":"Electricity","level":2,"score":0.41839998960494995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145236788","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28161","display_name":"Labour economics","level":1,"score":0.4169999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132000672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6158427","display_name":"Income inequality metrics","level":4,"score":0.4074999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139719470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39680","display_name":"Macroeconomics","level":1,"score":0.39320001006126404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C519300510","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3915542","display_name":"Income distribution","level":3,"score":0.385699987411499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777382242","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6017816","display_name":"Index (typography)","level":2,"score":0.34709998965263367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779581858","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9049677","display_name":"Neutrality","level":2,"score":0.3411000072956085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.32260000705718994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100243477","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12002092","display_name":"Welfare","level":2,"score":0.3197000026702881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131046424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1805337","display_name":"Energy policy","level":3,"score":0.30410000681877136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100001284","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2248246","display_name":"Public economics","level":1,"score":0.3021000027656555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84265765","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193219","display_name":"Subsidy","level":2,"score":0.29120001196861267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64341305","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4919225","display_name":"Bivariate analysis","level":2,"score":0.28139999508857727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166167597","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5157006","display_name":"Comprehensive income","level":5,"score":0.27489998936653137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780892066","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1591167","display_name":"Household income","level":2,"score":0.2533999979496002}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.30521/jes.1919234","doi":"https://doi.org/10.30521/jes.1919234","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.30521/jes.1919234","pdf_url":"https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/5860639","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210194011","display_name":"Journal of Energy Systems","issn_l":"2602-2052","issn":["2602-2052"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","poland-20","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Energy Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dergipark.org.tr:article/1919234","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/jes/article/1919234","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401840","display_name":"DergiPark (Istanbul University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67581229","host_organization_name":"Istanbul University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67581229"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Energy Systems, Vol. 10 No. 3","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.30521/jes.1919234","doi":"https://doi.org/10.30521/jes.1919234","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.30521/jes.1919234","pdf_url":"https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/5860639","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210194011","display_name":"Journal of Energy Systems","issn_l":"2602-2052","issn":["2602-2052"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","poland-20","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Energy Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":1.0,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.8970999717712402,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.878000020980835,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/1","score":0.41670000553131104,"display_name":"No poverty"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7214768498.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7214768498.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2023668736","https://openalex.org/W2024340445","https://openalex.org/W2123136623","https://openalex.org/W2147422150","https://openalex.org/W2915158876","https://openalex.org/W2986864235","https://openalex.org/W3092146993","https://openalex.org/W3114393045","https://openalex.org/W3123095200","https://openalex.org/W3153527722","https://openalex.org/W3163541810","https://openalex.org/W3210971508","https://openalex.org/W4214925118","https://openalex.org/W4311092030","https://openalex.org/W4386012823","https://openalex.org/W4388626350","https://openalex.org/W4392900963","https://openalex.org/W4393269286","https://openalex.org/W4399980852","https://openalex.org/W4405041199","https://openalex.org/W4405312513","https://openalex.org/W4407150393","https://openalex.org/W4407406084","https://openalex.org/W4409477388","https://openalex.org/W4412044853"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2961369834","https://openalex.org/W4283517246","https://openalex.org/W4393352106","https://openalex.org/W4407009818","https://openalex.org/W2904178312","https://openalex.org/W4408240014","https://openalex.org/W2910745175","https://openalex.org/W4409888056","https://openalex.org/W7140742544","https://openalex.org/W3091863451"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"study":[1],"explores":[2],"the":[3,44,50,69,97,111],"dynamic":[4],"relationship":[5,41],"between":[6],"electricity":[7,114,179],"consumption":[8],"and":[9,29,127,137,155,162,185,187,218],"income":[10,93,118],"inequality":[11,94,119,152,181,193],"across":[12],"26":[13],"NUTS-2":[14],"regions":[15],"in":[16,95,120,153,182,197,215],"T\u00fcrkiye,":[17],"employing":[18],"second-generation":[19],"panel":[20,34,72],"data":[21],"methodologies":[22],"that":[23,80,226],"explicitly":[24],"account":[25],"for":[26,221],"cross-sectional":[27],"dependency":[28],"slope":[30],"heterogeneity.":[31],"The":[32,76],"Westerlund":[33],"cointegration":[35],"test":[36],"verifies":[37],"a":[38,61,145,188],"long-run":[39],"equilibrium":[40],"specifically":[42],"when":[43],"Gini":[45],"index":[46],"is":[47,65],"treated":[48],"as":[49,144,159,206],"dependent":[51],"variable.":[52],"A":[53],"Cross-Sectionally":[54],"Augmented":[55],"Error":[56],"Correction":[57],"Model":[58],"(CS-ECM)":[59],"under":[60],"Panel":[62],"Mean-Group":[63],"framework":[64],"estimated,":[66],"complemented":[67],"by":[68,149],"bootstrap":[70],"Dumitrescu\u2013Hurlin":[71],"Granger":[73,166],"non-causality":[74],"test.":[75],"empirical":[77],"findings":[78],"reveal":[79],"while":[81],"aggregate":[82],"panel-wide":[83],"estimates":[84],"show":[85],"no":[86],"generalized,":[87],"statistically":[88],"significant":[89],"baseline":[90],"effect":[91],"on":[92],"either":[96],"short":[98],"or":[99],"long":[100,112],"run,":[101,113],"this":[102],"average":[103],"neutrality":[104],"masks":[105],"extensive":[106],"regional":[107],"economic":[108],"asymmetry.":[109],"In":[110],"expansion":[115,142],"significantly":[116,150],"exacerbates":[117],"highly":[121],"industrialized":[122],"regions,":[123],"including":[124],"TR41,":[125],"TR22,":[126,183],"TR21,":[128,186],"where":[129],"infrastructure":[130,209],"benefits":[131],"disproportionately":[132],"tilt":[133],"toward":[134],"capital":[135],"owners":[136],"high-skilled":[138],"labor.":[139],"Conversely,":[140],"energy":[141,195,208,239],"acts":[143],"powerful":[146],"socio-economic":[147],"equalizer":[148],"reducing":[151],"developing":[154],"agricultural":[156],"zones":[157],"such":[158,205],"TR61,":[160],"TR52,":[161],"TRB1.":[163],"Furthermore,":[164],"region-specific":[165,203],"causality":[167],"tests":[168],"unveil":[169],"distinct":[170],"localized":[171],"causal":[172],"loops,":[173],"displaying":[174],"uni-directional":[175],"paths":[176],"running":[177],"from":[178,192],"to":[180,194,224],"TR33,":[184],"reverse":[189],"feedback":[190],"loop":[191],"demand":[196],"TR31.":[198],"Policymakers":[199],"must":[200],"deploy":[201],"targeted,":[202],"interventions":[204],"pairing":[207],"investments":[210],"with":[211],"progressive":[212],"local":[213],"taxation":[214],"industrial":[216],"hubs":[217],"utility":[219,227],"subsidies":[220],"rural":[222],"cooperatives":[223],"ensure":[225],"growth":[228],"fosters":[229],"equitable":[230],"social":[231],"welfare":[232],"nationwide,":[233],"rather":[234],"than":[235],"implementing":[236],"blanket,":[237],"centralized":[238],"frameworks":[240],"are":[241],"inadequate.":[242]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-07T09:51:55.459714","created_date":"2026-09-30T00:00:00"}