{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7214733121","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2026.1982467","title":"Corneal endothelial changes in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis with subgroup comparisons by diabetic retinopathy status and disease duration","display_name":"Corneal endothelial changes in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis with subgroup comparisons by diabetic retinopathy status and disease duration","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-09-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7214733121","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2026.1982467","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42870909","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/13657926"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fendo.2026.1982467","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2026.1982467","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2026.1982467","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/endocrinology/articles/10.3389/fendo.2026.1982467/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2597401208","display_name":"Frontiers in Endocrinology","issn_l":"1664-2392","issn":["1664-2392"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Endocrinology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"review","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/endocrinology/articles/10.3389/fendo.2026.1982467/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5120224559","display_name":"Yongran Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1963-839X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1963-839X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405256104","display_name":"Heyou Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/03s5kvf41","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405256104"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yongran Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center of Ophthalmology, Heyou Hospital"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center of Ophthalmology, Heyou Hospital","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405256104"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102022553","display_name":"Chenlin Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9939-5713","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9939-5713"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405267623","display_name":"Jieyang People's Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/03mpy3k07","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405267623"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chenlin Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Cardiology, Jieyang People\u2019s Hospital"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Cardiology, Jieyang People\u2019s Hospital","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405267623"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084238808","display_name":"Zhimin Cen","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210107594","display_name":"Zhongshan People's Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/01x5dfh38","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210107594"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhimin Cen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Torch Development Zone People\u2019s Hospital"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Torch Development Zone People\u2019s Hospital","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210107594"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5153468051","display_name":"Dingwang Su","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210107594","display_name":"Zhongshan People's Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/01x5dfh38","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210107594"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dingwang Su","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Torch Development Zone People\u2019s Hospital"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Torch Development Zone People\u2019s Hospital","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210107594"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5153516212","display_name":"Tulong Lin","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210107594","display_name":"Zhongshan People's Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/01x5dfh38","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210107594"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tulong Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Torch Development Zone People\u2019s Hospital"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Torch Development Zone People\u2019s Hospital","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210107594"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5153516212"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210107594"],"apc_list":{"value":3150,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3801},"apc_paid":{"value":3150,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3801},"fwci":1.3028,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.65550595,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":null,"first_page":"1982467","last_page":"1982467"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10563","display_name":"Corneal surgery and disorders","score":0.41530001163482666,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10563","display_name":"Corneal surgery and disorders","score":0.41530001163482666,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10997","display_name":"Ocular Surface and Contact Lens","score":0.3244999945163727,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10170","display_name":"Retinal Diseases and Treatments","score":0.17159999907016754,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/type-2-diabetes","display_name":"type 2 diabetes","score":0.9959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diabetic-retinopathy","display_name":"diabetic retinopathy","score":0.9129999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/corneal-endothelium","display_name":"corneal endothelium","score":0.9810000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/endothelial-cell-density","display_name":"endothelial cell density","score":0.9950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coefficient-of-variation","display_name":"coefficient of variation","score":0.9760000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hexagonal-cell-percentage","display_name":"hexagonal cell percentage","score":0.8320000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disease-duration","display_name":"disease duration","score":0.8370000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/proliferative-diabetic-retinopathy","display_name":"proliferative diabetic retinopathy","score":0.9539999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nonproliferative-diabetic-retinopathy","display_name":"non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy","score":0.9470000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diabetic-eye-disease","display_name":"diabetic eye disease","score":0.6600000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/endothelial-cell-morphology","display_name":"endothelial cell morphology","score":0.6039999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diabetic-nephropathy","display_name":"diabetic nephropathy","score":0.5199999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diabetic-cardiomyopathy","display_name":"diabetic cardiomyopathy","score":0.6980000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diabetic-neuropathy","display_name":"diabetic neuropathy","score":0.5879999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diabetic-retinopathy-screening","display_name":"diabetic retinopathy screening","score":0.4740000069141388}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.8738999962806702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779829184","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631361","display_name":"Diabetic retinopathy","level":3,"score":0.7936999797821045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2910068830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3025883","display_name":"Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus","level":3,"score":0.6089000105857849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777180221","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3025883","display_name":"Type 2 diabetes","level":3,"score":0.6047000288963318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555293320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12206","display_name":"Diabetes mellitus","level":2,"score":0.5784000158309937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118487528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161437","display_name":"Ophthalmology","level":1,"score":0.5270000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.5138999819755554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89838059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q623738","display_name":"Coefficient of variation","level":2,"score":0.3668999969959259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778313320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q550455","display_name":"Retinopathy","level":3,"score":0.3571999967098236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.34290000796318054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187960798","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7631152","display_name":"Subgroup analysis","level":3,"score":0.335099995136261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95190672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815382","display_name":"Meta-analysis","level":2,"score":0.3312999904155731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82605166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q967190","display_name":"Funnel plot","level":4,"score":0.3278999924659729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780439572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q919364","display_name":"Publication bias","level":3,"score":0.3066999912261963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90924648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q120569","display_name":"Gastroenterology","level":1,"score":0.2842999994754791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776882836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q168291","display_name":"Cornea","level":2,"score":0.2818000018596649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775901793","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1189806","display_name":"Corneal endothelium","level":3,"score":0.267300009727478}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D003430","descriptor_name":"Cross-Sectional Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003924","descriptor_name":"Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2","qualifier_ui":"Q000150","qualifier_name":"complications","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003924","descriptor_name":"Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003930","descriptor_name":"Diabetic Retinopathy","qualifier_ui":"Q000209","qualifier_name":"etiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003930","descriptor_name":"Diabetic Retinopathy","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004728","descriptor_name":"Endothelium, Corneal","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3389/fendo.2026.1982467","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2026.1982467","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2026.1982467","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/endocrinology/articles/10.3389/fendo.2026.1982467/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2597401208","display_name":"Frontiers in Endocrinology","issn_l":"1664-2392","issn":["1664-2392"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Endocrinology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13657926","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13657926/","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13657926/pdf/fendo-17-1982467.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:42870909","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42870909","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in endocrinology","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:57f8ebd19f074154b26532ab734ff331","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/57f8ebd19f074154b26532ab734ff331","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Endocrinology, Vol 17 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fendo.2026.1982467","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2026.1982467","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2026.1982467","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/endocrinology/articles/10.3389/fendo.2026.1982467/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2597401208","display_name":"Frontiers in Endocrinology","issn_l":"1664-2392","issn":["1664-2392"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Endocrinology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/systematic-review","display_name":"Systematic Review"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/meta-analysis","display_name":"Meta-Analysis"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7214733121.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7214733121.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":64,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W7680808","https://openalex.org/W44733472","https://openalex.org/W1695222676","https://openalex.org/W1964079562","https://openalex.org/W1979423827","https://openalex.org/W1992643270","https://openalex.org/W2015825460","https://openalex.org/W2018333565","https://openalex.org/W2018539060","https://openalex.org/W2025088665","https://openalex.org/W2028872519","https://openalex.org/W2064372503","https://openalex.org/W2083707821","https://openalex.org/W2111722073","https://openalex.org/W2121076748","https://openalex.org/W2133396140","https://openalex.org/W2149610766","https://openalex.org/W2154867318","https://openalex.org/W2416789338","https://openalex.org/W2587803463","https://openalex.org/W2591669922","https://openalex.org/W2597677844","https://openalex.org/W2605942022","https://openalex.org/W2626896447","https://openalex.org/W2770646208","https://openalex.org/W2888620066","https://openalex.org/W2980781569","https://openalex.org/W2982617263","https://openalex.org/W2987202014","https://openalex.org/W2992814490","https://openalex.org/W3000485730","https://openalex.org/W3006988605","https://openalex.org/W3020794616","https://openalex.org/W3028995744","https://openalex.org/W3041802042","https://openalex.org/W3118615836","https://openalex.org/W3122225334","https://openalex.org/W3126250128","https://openalex.org/W3150891445","https://openalex.org/W3169743765","https://openalex.org/W3172893760","https://openalex.org/W3207446311","https://openalex.org/W3216313418","https://openalex.org/W4200270314","https://openalex.org/W4220892183","https://openalex.org/W4293555930","https://openalex.org/W4307337214","https://openalex.org/W4308558966","https://openalex.org/W4309151167","https://openalex.org/W4366829040","https://openalex.org/W4381799391","https://openalex.org/W4384819154","https://openalex.org/W4400587500","https://openalex.org/W4403922295","https://openalex.org/W4405221690","https://openalex.org/W4405758913","https://openalex.org/W4410563815","https://openalex.org/W4412569970","https://openalex.org/W4413969515","https://openalex.org/W4416192946","https://openalex.org/W4416758961","https://openalex.org/W7123347805","https://openalex.org/W7128637407","https://openalex.org/W7172320138"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4416758961","https://openalex.org/W4281971340","https://openalex.org/W7128637407","https://openalex.org/W2980763438","https://openalex.org/W7131208973","https://openalex.org/W7123347805","https://openalex.org/W4308558966","https://openalex.org/W2591669922","https://openalex.org/W4390141744","https://openalex.org/W3169743765"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Background:":[0],"Type":[1],"2":[2],"diabetes":[3,44],"mellitus":[4],"(T2DM)":[5],"affects":[6],"multiple":[7],"ocular":[8],"structures,":[9],"yet":[10],"the":[11,101,122,262,279],"extent":[12],"of":[13,20,76,81,281],"corneal":[14,32,272],"endothelial":[15,33,71,273,300],"alterations":[16],"across":[17,37],"different":[18],"stages":[19],"diabetic":[21,306],"retinopathy":[22],"(DR)":[23],"and":[24,43,53,79,134,164,195,214,232,253,283],"disease":[25,217,314],"duration":[26,218,264],"remains":[27],"unclear.":[28],"This":[29,47],"meta-analysis":[30],"quantified":[31],"changes":[34,277],"in":[35,85,278,305],"T2DM":[36,86,92,144,267],"subgroups":[38,93],"defined":[39],"by":[40],"DR":[41,177,282,311],"status":[42],"duration.":[45,285,315],"Methods:":[46],"systematic":[48],"review":[49,317],"adhered":[50],"to":[51,290],"PRISMA":[52],"MOOSE":[54],"guidelines":[55],"(PROSPERO:":[56],"CRD420261473313).":[57],"Five":[58],"databases":[59],"were":[60,94,106,142,257,288],"searched":[61],"from":[62],"inception":[63],"through":[64],"July":[65],"15,":[66],"2026.":[67],"Cross-sectional":[68],"studies":[69,139,292],"comparing":[70],"cell":[72],"density":[73],"(ECD),":[74],"coefficient":[75],"variation":[77],"(CV),":[78],"percentage":[80],"hexagonal":[82],"cells":[83],"(HEX)":[84],"patients":[87,145],"versus":[88,173,204],"controls":[89],"or":[90,113,293,312],"between":[91,212],"included.":[95,143],"Study":[96],"quality":[97],"was":[98,127,221],"assessed":[99,128],"using":[100,111],"AHRQ":[102],"checklist.":[103],"Effect":[104],"sizes":[105],"calculated":[107],"as":[108],"Cohen's":[109],"d":[110],"fixed-effect":[112],"random-effects":[114],"models":[115],"based":[116],"on":[117],"heterogeneity.":[118],"Sensitivity":[119,241],"analyses":[120,242],"used":[121],"leave-one-out":[123],"method;":[124],"publication":[125,294],"bias":[126],"with":[129,176,223,270,275,310],"funnel":[130],"plots,":[131],"Egger's":[132],"test,":[133],"trim-and-fill":[135,260],"analysis.":[136],"Results:":[137],"Twenty-two":[138],"(5,878":[140],"eyes)":[141],"showed":[146,243],"significantly":[147],"lower":[148,165,179,196,224,233],"ECD":[149,180,225],"(d":[150,158,167,181,189,198,226,235],"=":[151,159,168,182,185,190,193,199,202,227,230,236,239],"-0.35,":[152],"P":[153,161,170,184,192,201,229,238],"<":[154,162,171],"0.001),":[155,163],"higher":[156,187],"CV":[157,188,249,254,263],"0.25,":[160],"HEX":[166,197,234,245],"-0.28,":[169],"0.001)":[172],"controls.":[174],"Eyes":[175],"had":[178],"-0.22,":[183],"0.002),":[186],"0.26,":[191],"0.005),":[194],"-0.23,":[200],"0.02)":[203],"eyes":[205],"without":[206],"DR.":[207],"No":[208],"significant":[209],"differences":[210],"emerged":[211],"PDR":[213],"NPDR.":[215],"Longer":[216],"(\u226510":[219],"years)":[220],"associated":[222,269],"-0.39,":[228],"0.04)":[231],"-0.18,":[237],"0.003).":[240],"that":[244],"(T2DM":[246],"vs.":[247,251],"controls),":[248],"(PDR":[250],"NPDR),":[252],"(duration":[255],"comparison)":[256],"not":[258],"robust;":[259],"reversed":[261],"result.":[265],"Conclusions:":[266],"is":[268],"impaired":[271],"morphology,":[274],"greater":[276],"presence":[280],"longer":[284],"Several":[286],"estimates":[287],"sensitive":[289],"individual":[291],"bias,":[295],"warranting":[296],"cautious":[297],"interpretation.":[298],"Preoperative":[299],"assessment":[301],"may":[302],"be":[303],"beneficial":[304],"patients,":[307],"particularly":[308],"those":[309],"long":[313],"Systematic":[316],"registration:":[318],"https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/view/CRD420261473313,":[319],"identifier":[320],"CRD420261473313.":[321]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-12T12:28:57.059296","created_date":"2026-09-30T00:00:00"}
