{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7214726685","doi":"https://doi.org/10.26434/chemrxiv.15009578/v1","title":"Heterogeneous Catalysts as Electrochemical Cells: Completing the Circuit using Proton Buffers in Nonaqueous Media","display_name":"Heterogeneous Catalysts as Electrochemical Cells: Completing the Circuit using Proton Buffers in Nonaqueous Media","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-09-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7214726685","doi":"https://doi.org/10.26434/chemrxiv.15009578/v1"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.26434/chemrxiv.15009578/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.26434/chemrxiv.15009578/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.26434/chemrxiv.15009578/v1","pdf_url":"https://chemrxiv.org/doi/pdf/10.26434/chemrxiv.15009578/v1","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4393918830","display_name":"ChemRxiv","issn_l":"2573-2293","issn":["2573-2293"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://chemrxiv.org/doi/pdf/10.26434/chemrxiv.15009578/v1","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022840600","display_name":"Patrick Q Kelly","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0676-6317","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0676-6317"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135310074","display_name":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison","ror":"https://ror.org/01y2jtd41","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Patrick Q. Kelly","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Chemistry","University of Wisconsin\u2212Madison"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chemistry","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Wisconsin\u2212Madison","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5153436941","display_name":"Woonjin Jang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135310074","display_name":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison","ror":"https://ror.org/01y2jtd41","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Woonjin Jang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Chemistry","University of Wisconsin\u2212Madison"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chemistry","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Wisconsin\u2212Madison","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058782729","display_name":"Ian J. Garvey","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-8075-3828","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0007-8075-3828"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135310074","display_name":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison","ror":"https://ror.org/01y2jtd41","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ian J. Garvey","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Chemistry","University of Wisconsin\u2212Madison"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chemistry","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Wisconsin\u2212Madison","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072659302","display_name":"James B. Gerken","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-9294-6300","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0000-9294-6300"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135310074","display_name":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison","ror":"https://ror.org/01y2jtd41","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"James B. Gerken","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Chemistry","University of Wisconsin\u2212Madison"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chemistry","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Wisconsin\u2212Madison","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074617275","display_name":"Shannon S. Stahl","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9000-7665","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9000-7665"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135310074","display_name":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison","ror":"https://ror.org/01y2jtd41","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shannon S. Stahl","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Chemistry","University of Wisconsin\u2212Madison"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9000-7665","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chemistry","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Wisconsin\u2212Madison","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10030","display_name":"Electrocatalysts for Energy Conversion","score":0.34769999980926514,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2105","display_name":"Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10030","display_name":"Electrocatalysts for Energy Conversion","score":0.34769999980926514,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2105","display_name":"Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11989","display_name":"Oxidative Organic Chemistry Reactions","score":0.3257000148296356,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1605","display_name":"Organic Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11747","display_name":"Metal-Catalyzed Oxygenation Mechanisms","score":0.19480000436306,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1604","display_name":"Inorganic Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heterogeneous-catalysis","display_name":"heterogeneous catalysis","score":0.8190000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrochemical-reaction-mechanism","display_name":"electrochemical mechanism","score":0.7620000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/proton-transfer","display_name":"proton transfer","score":0.6079999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nonaqueous-solvents","display_name":"non-aqueous solvents","score":0.7760000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aerobic-oxidation","display_name":"aerobic oxidation","score":0.656000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hydroquinone","display_name":"hydroquinone","score":0.8360000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fe-n-c-catalysts","display_name":"Fe-N-C catalysts","score":0.9120000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acetonitrile","display_name":"acetonitrile","score":0.7720000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oxygen-reduction-reaction","display_name":"oxygen reduction reaction","score":0.7160000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reaction-kinetics","display_name":"reaction kinetics","score":0.5580000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linear-sweep-voltammetry","display_name":"linear sweep voltammetry","score":0.7509999871253967}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55904794","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82682","display_name":"Redox","level":2,"score":0.8973000049591064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161790260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82264","display_name":"Catalysis","level":2,"score":0.8172000050544739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777550763","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q419164","display_name":"Hydroquinone","level":2,"score":0.8141999840736389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.6646000146865845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52859227","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7877","display_name":"Electrochemistry","level":3,"score":0.6269000172615051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54516573","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2294","display_name":"Proton","level":2,"score":0.5235000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110010208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7252048","display_name":"Proton-coupled electron transfer","level":3,"score":0.5012999773025513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179104552","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11165","display_name":"Inorganic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.4578999876976013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75473681","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188651","display_name":"Photochemistry","level":1,"score":0.3968000113964081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65024703","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q373406","display_name":"Reaction mechanism","level":3,"score":0.36629998683929443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129696212","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2272343","display_name":"Half-reaction","level":3,"score":0.3382999897003174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123669783","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q902898","display_name":"Electron transfer","level":2,"score":0.33640000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779281663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1549368","display_name":"Thermal oxidation","level":3,"score":0.3325999975204468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175583648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q903156","display_name":"Heterogeneous catalysis","level":3,"score":0.3294000029563904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33989665","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5357962","display_name":"Electrocatalyst","level":4,"score":0.3264000117778778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78030364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5051391","display_name":"Catalytic oxidation","level":3,"score":0.27570000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42360764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83588","display_name":"Chemical engineering","level":1,"score":0.2603999972343445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148898269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1108792","display_name":"Kinetics","level":2,"score":0.25940001010894775}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.26434/chemrxiv.15009578/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.26434/chemrxiv.15009578/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.26434/chemrxiv.15009578/v1","pdf_url":"https://chemrxiv.org/doi/pdf/10.26434/chemrxiv.15009578/v1","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4393918830","display_name":"ChemRxiv","issn_l":"2573-2293","issn":["2573-2293"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.26434/chemrxiv.15009578/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.26434/chemrxiv.15009578/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.26434/chemrxiv.15009578/v1","pdf_url":"https://chemrxiv.org/doi/pdf/10.26434/chemrxiv.15009578/v1","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4393918830","display_name":"ChemRxiv","issn_l":"2573-2293","issn":["2573-2293"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.5690000057220459,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7214726685.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7214726685.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":71,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1168565912","https://openalex.org/W1984588741","https://openalex.org/W1995075245","https://openalex.org/W2002885602","https://openalex.org/W2014444559","https://openalex.org/W2028361335","https://openalex.org/W2034291571","https://openalex.org/W2054484596","https://openalex.org/W2072038737","https://openalex.org/W2082579038","https://openalex.org/W2085359308","https://openalex.org/W2116223045","https://openalex.org/W2157513813","https://openalex.org/W2272252865","https://openalex.org/W2280157353","https://openalex.org/W2295943141","https://openalex.org/W2326050746","https://openalex.org/W2516577531","https://openalex.org/W2546144172","https://openalex.org/W2565936136","https://openalex.org/W2597761442","https://openalex.org/W2610336006","https://openalex.org/W2792813273","https://openalex.org/W2802791016","https://openalex.org/W2913215255","https://openalex.org/W2951631912","https://openalex.org/W2952165885","https://openalex.org/W2972257349","https://openalex.org/W2980843510","https://openalex.org/W2996042959","https://openalex.org/W2996783649","https://openalex.org/W3037463489","https://openalex.org/W3113657376","https://openalex.org/W3163539100","https://openalex.org/W3167735392","https://openalex.org/W3196820262","https://openalex.org/W3204089679","https://openalex.org/W3205553530","https://openalex.org/W4200194325","https://openalex.org/W4205090401","https://openalex.org/W4205869773","https://openalex.org/W4223600415","https://openalex.org/W4229443286","https://openalex.org/W4240025806","https://openalex.org/W4281386070","https://openalex.org/W4282831933","https://openalex.org/W4302023627","https://openalex.org/W4304113710","https://openalex.org/W4310131542","https://openalex.org/W4311420401","https://openalex.org/W4313249673","https://openalex.org/W4319936755","https://openalex.org/W4367848728","https://openalex.org/W4386809977","https://openalex.org/W4388821643","https://openalex.org/W4391027472","https://openalex.org/W4393392487","https://openalex.org/W4396226634","https://openalex.org/W4396748713","https://openalex.org/W4396952692","https://openalex.org/W4403732761","https://openalex.org/W4404191717","https://openalex.org/W4405464001","https://openalex.org/W4406235550","https://openalex.org/W4407773355","https://openalex.org/W4409525451","https://openalex.org/W4411648669","https://openalex.org/W4412468496","https://openalex.org/W4414795636","https://openalex.org/W7116718601","https://openalex.org/W7154059629"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4231041145","https://openalex.org/W3196820262","https://openalex.org/W4310131542","https://openalex.org/W4409569391","https://openalex.org/W7027774205","https://openalex.org/W1986166835","https://openalex.org/W2078968941","https://openalex.org/W4416458499","https://openalex.org/W4410629919","https://openalex.org/W192476765"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Thermochemical":[0],"redox":[1,15,74,136],"reactions":[2,34,137],"with":[3,25,46],"heterogeneous":[4,134],"catalysts":[5,51],"often":[6],"proceed":[7],"by":[8,105],"an":[9],"\"electrochemical\"":[10],"mechanism":[11,20],"that":[12,124],"features":[13],"coupled":[14],"half-reactions.":[16,115],"Studies":[17],"supporting":[18,132],"this":[19],"have":[21],"typically":[22],"been":[23],"performed":[24],"water":[26],"as":[27],"the":[28,41,60,66,72,79,92,98,117,126],"solvent;":[29],"however,":[30],"many":[31],"organic":[32],"oxidation":[33,43,77,101],"feature":[35],"non-aqueous":[36,139],"solvent.":[37,140],"Here,":[38],"we":[39],"analyze":[40],"aerobic":[42,100],"of":[44,55,78,97,112,128],"hydroquinone":[45,80],"iron-containing":[47],"nitrogen-doped":[48],"carbon":[49],"(Fe-N-C)":[50],"in":[52,131,138],"acetonitrile.":[53],"Addition":[54],"proton":[56,69,129],"buffers":[57,67],"significantly":[58],"accelerates":[59],"reaction,":[61],"and":[62,81],"mechanistic":[63,122],"data":[64,118],"indicate":[65],"support":[68],"transfer":[70],"between":[71],"two":[73],"half-reactions,":[75],"proton-coupled":[76],"O2":[82],"reduction,":[83],"which":[84],"take":[85],"place":[86],"at":[87],"different":[88],"active":[89],"sites":[90],"on":[91],"catalyst":[93],"surface.":[94],"Kinetic":[95],"studies":[96],"thermochemical":[99],"reaction":[102],"are":[103],"complemented":[104],"electrochemical":[106],"studies,":[107],"including":[108],"linear-sweep":[109],"voltametric":[110],"analysis":[111],"both":[113],"independent":[114],"Collectively,":[116],"provide":[119],"a":[120],"selfconsistent":[121],"picture":[123],"highlights":[125],"importance":[127],"management":[130],"thermal":[133],"catalytic":[135]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2026-09-30T00:00:00"}