{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7214710798","doi":"https://doi.org/10.26434/chemrxiv.15009618/v1","title":"Health risk assessment of carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic heavy metal exposure from commercial instant noodles in Bangladesh: a deterministic and probabilistic evaluation for adults and children","display_name":"Health risk assessment of carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic heavy metal exposure from commercial instant noodles in Bangladesh: a deterministic and probabilistic evaluation for adults and children","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-09-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7214710798","doi":"https://doi.org/10.26434/chemrxiv.15009618/v1"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.26434/chemrxiv.15009618/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.26434/chemrxiv.15009618/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.26434/chemrxiv.15009618/v1","pdf_url":"https://chemrxiv.org/doi/pdf/10.26434/chemrxiv.15009618/v1","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4393918830","display_name":"ChemRxiv","issn_l":"2573-2293","issn":["2573-2293"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://chemrxiv.org/doi/pdf/10.26434/chemrxiv.15009618/v1","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054231576","display_name":"Debneela Paul","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I902853133","display_name":"University of Rajshahi","ror":"https://ror.org/05nnyr510","country_code":"BD","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I902853133"]}],"countries":["BD"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Debneela Paul","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering","University of Rajshahi"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Rajshahi","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I902853133"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5153525956","display_name":"Sagar Bhowmik","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82497590","display_name":"Auburn University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v80fc35","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82497590"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sagar Bhowmik","raw_affiliation_strings":["Auburn University","Department of Biological Sciences"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Auburn University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82497590"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biological Sciences","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015246087","display_name":"Sheikh Mohiuddin Samrat","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I124386471","display_name":"Khulna University","ror":"https://ror.org/05pny7s12","country_code":"BD","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124386471"]}],"countries":["BD"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sheikh Mohiuddin Samrat","raw_affiliation_strings":["Discipline of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering","Khulna University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Discipline of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Khulna University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I124386471"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5153474627","display_name":"Sayed M. A. Salam","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I902853133","display_name":"University of Rajshahi","ror":"https://ror.org/05nnyr510","country_code":"BD","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I902853133"]}],"countries":["BD"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sayed M. A. Salam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering","University of Rajshahi"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Rajshahi","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I902853133"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10139","display_name":"Heavy metals in environment","score":0.8202999830245972,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2310","display_name":"Pollution"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10139","display_name":"Heavy metals in environment","score":0.8202999830245972,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2310","display_name":"Pollution"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10790","display_name":"Heavy Metal Exposure and Toxicity","score":0.1565999984741211,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2307","display_name":"Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13079","display_name":"Heavy Metals in Plants","score":0.00839999970048666,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1602","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/instant-noodles","display_name":"instant noodles","score":0.9279999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heavy-metal-exposure","display_name":"heavy metal exposure","score":0.800000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dietary-exposure","display_name":"dietary exposure","score":0.6460000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cancer-risk","display_name":"cancer risk","score":0.8930000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-carcinogenic-risk","display_name":"non-carcinogenic risk","score":0.9739999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hazard-index","display_name":"hazard index","score":0.9139999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/total-cancer-risk","display_name":"total cancer risk","score":0.9769999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lead","display_name":"lead","score":0.45500001311302185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cadmium","display_name":"cadmium","score":0.7929999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nickel","display_name":"nickel","score":0.7559999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chromium","display_name":"chromium","score":0.9829999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cobalt","display_name":"cobalt","score":0.8040000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/children-s-exposure","display_name":"children's exposure","score":0.5690000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/food-safety-regulation","display_name":"food safety regulation","score":0.4090000092983246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/codex-limits","display_name":"Codex limits","score":0.6819999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bangladesh","display_name":"Bangladesh","score":0.9179999828338623}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.7563999891281128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193230392","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1663054","display_name":"Ingestion","level":2,"score":0.6399000287055969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12174686","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1058438","display_name":"Risk assessment","level":2,"score":0.5841000080108643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33070731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7218","display_name":"Toxicology","level":1,"score":0.5157999992370605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.46619999408721924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777810110","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7441925","display_name":"Seasoning","level":3,"score":0.43950000405311584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40222840","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185049","display_name":"Geometric mean","level":2,"score":0.4352000057697296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779432360","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16963779","display_name":"Instant","level":2,"score":0.41600000858306885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984618805","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2284929","display_name":"Health risk","level":2,"score":0.38190001249313354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776053758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q105789","display_name":"Heavy metals","level":2,"score":0.3707999885082245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.3605000078678131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73722673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1082833","display_name":"Probabilistic risk assessment","level":3,"score":0.3456999957561493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987857752","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12147","display_name":"Human health","level":2,"score":0.3425000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776657025","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7814215","display_name":"Tolerable daily intake","level":3,"score":0.3400999903678894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993127210","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7598435","display_name":"Food standards","level":3,"score":0.3239000141620636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34135077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3511075","display_name":"Food contaminant","level":2,"score":0.31839999556541443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779794483","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2284929","display_name":"Health risk assessment","level":3,"score":0.28630000352859497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018685816","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q213449","display_name":"Food intake","level":2,"score":0.27970001101493835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31903555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1637030","display_name":"Food science","level":1,"score":0.26420000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107872376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q321355","display_name":"Environmental chemistry","level":1,"score":0.260699987411499}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.26434/chemrxiv.15009618/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.26434/chemrxiv.15009618/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.26434/chemrxiv.15009618/v1","pdf_url":"https://chemrxiv.org/doi/pdf/10.26434/chemrxiv.15009618/v1","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4393918830","display_name":"ChemRxiv","issn_l":"2573-2293","issn":["2573-2293"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.26434/chemrxiv.15009618/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.26434/chemrxiv.15009618/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.26434/chemrxiv.15009618/v1","pdf_url":"https://chemrxiv.org/doi/pdf/10.26434/chemrxiv.15009618/v1","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4393918830","display_name":"ChemRxiv","issn_l":"2573-2293","issn":["2573-2293"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.98580002784729},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2","display_name":"Zero hunger","score":0.6735000014305115}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323579","display_name":"Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research","ror":"https://ror.org/03njdre41"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320329409","display_name":"Rajshahi University","ror":"https://ror.org/05nnyr510"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7214710798.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7214710798.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2005496401","https://openalex.org/W2047031975","https://openalex.org/W2049705250","https://openalex.org/W2103474203","https://openalex.org/W2142410246","https://openalex.org/W2228338508","https://openalex.org/W2767377538","https://openalex.org/W2889289233","https://openalex.org/W2906704284","https://openalex.org/W2971847366","https://openalex.org/W3008846310","https://openalex.org/W3094831589","https://openalex.org/W3198693663","https://openalex.org/W3216691831","https://openalex.org/W4214770239","https://openalex.org/W4386517977","https://openalex.org/W4388106562","https://openalex.org/W4390271803","https://openalex.org/W4394685525","https://openalex.org/W4401173140","https://openalex.org/W4404590730","https://openalex.org/W4405447004","https://openalex.org/W4409729108","https://openalex.org/W4416239697","https://openalex.org/W4416947093","https://openalex.org/W7104541568","https://openalex.org/W7162879747","https://openalex.org/W7204007129","https://openalex.org/W7207571611"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2889289233","https://openalex.org/W7216131404","https://openalex.org/W4386517977","https://openalex.org/W2767377538","https://openalex.org/W2889019067","https://openalex.org/W3198693663","https://openalex.org/W3008846310","https://openalex.org/W3108270056","https://openalex.org/W7204007129","https://openalex.org/W4391070942"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,52],"contribution":[1],"of":[2,146,186,194,223,243,249,257],"the":[3,111,147,195,211,231,234,237,250],"instant":[4],"noodle":[5],"cake":[6],"itself":[7],"to":[8,100,154],"dietary":[9],"heavy":[10],"metal":[11],"exposure":[12],"in":[13,38,182],"Bangladesh":[14],"has":[15],"not":[16,202,233],"been":[17],"quantified.":[18],"Nine":[19],"metals":[20,213],"(Pb,":[21],"Cd,":[22],"Cr,":[23,244],"Fe,":[24],"Mn,":[25],"Zn,":[26],"Cu,":[27],"Ni":[28,188,245],"and":[29,47,56,65,74,106,113,119,129,135,137,171,184,189,210,246,255],"Co)":[30],"were":[31,61],"determined":[32],"by":[33,86],"flame":[34],"atomic":[35],"absorption":[36],"spectrometry":[37],"eight":[39],"leading":[40],"brands":[41,108],"(102":[42],"packets)":[43],"from":[44,94],"Dhaka,":[45],"Rajshahi":[46],"Khulna,":[48],"seasoning":[49],"sachet":[50,258],"excluded.":[51],"hazard":[53],"index":[54],"(HI)":[55],"total":[57],"cancer":[58,196],"risk":[59,205],"(TCR)":[60],"estimated":[62],"for":[63,116,167,176,192,206],"adults":[64,170],"children":[66],"at":[67,132,139,158],"national-average":[68],"(0.36":[69],"g":[70,77],"day":[71,78],"-1":[72,79,98,104],")":[73,80,157],"high-consumption":[75],"(25.6":[76],"ingestion":[81],"rates,":[82],"with":[83,110,142,221,226,253],"uncertainty":[84],"propagated":[85],"bootstrap":[87],"Monte":[88],"Carlo":[89],"simulation.":[90],"Mean":[91],"concentrations":[92],"ranged":[93],"17.7":[95],"mg":[96,102],"kg":[97,103],"(Fe)":[99],"0.030":[101],"(Cd),":[105],"all":[107],"complied":[109],"Codex":[112],"Bangladeshi":[114],"limits":[115],"Pb,":[117],"Cd":[118],"Ni.":[120],"No":[121],"THQ":[122],"exceeded":[123],"1;":[124],"HI":[125],"was":[126,150],"0.003":[127],"(adults)":[128],"0.010":[130],"(children)":[131],"average":[133,159],"intake":[134,160],"0.19":[136],"0.71":[138],"high":[140,168],"intake,":[141],"Co":[143],"contributing":[144],"half":[145],"HI.":[148],"TCR":[149],"tolerable":[151],"(10":[152],"-6":[153],"10":[155,165,174,180],"-4":[156,175,181],"but":[161],"reached":[162],"9.8":[163],"\u00d7":[164,173],"-5":[166],"consuming":[169],"3.7":[172],"high-consuming":[177],"children,":[178],"exceeding":[179],"34%":[183],"83%":[185],"simulations;":[187],"Cr":[190],"accounted":[191],"95%":[193],"risk.":[197],"Regulatory":[198],"compliance":[199],"therefore":[200],"does":[201],"ensure":[203],"negligible":[204],"frequent":[207],"child":[208],"consumers,":[209],"risk-driving":[212],"are":[214,260],"those":[215],"without":[216],"a":[217],"maximum":[218],"level.":[219],"Comparison":[220],"studies":[222],"noodles":[224],"analyzed":[225],"their":[227],"sachets":[228],"indicates":[229],"that":[230],"sachet,":[232],"cake,":[235],"is":[236],"main":[238],"Pb":[239],"source.":[240],"Risk-based":[241],"surveillance":[242],"Co,":[247],"harmonization":[248],"national":[251],"standard":[252],"Codex,":[254],"control":[256],"ingredients":[259],"recommended.":[261]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2026-09-30T00:00:00"}