{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7214702333","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.23.753923","title":"Temporal Organization of Synaptic Input and Intrinsic Excitability Shape Direction Selectivity in the Developing Xenopus laevis Optic Tectum","display_name":"Temporal Organization of Synaptic Input and Intrinsic Excitability Shape Direction Selectivity in the Developing Xenopus laevis Optic Tectum","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-09-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7214702333","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.23.753923","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42856319","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/13648459"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.09.23.753923","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.23.753923","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.23.753923","pdf_url":"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2026/09/29/2026.09.23.753923.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402567","display_name":"bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2750212522","host_organization_name":"Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2750212522"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"bioRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2026/09/29/2026.09.23.753923.full.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075454674","display_name":"Yugarshi Mondal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7620-8436","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7620-8436"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I6902469","display_name":"Brandeis University","ror":"https://ror.org/05abbep66","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I6902469"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yugarshi Mondal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Volen Center and Biology Department, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7620-8436","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Volen Center and Biology Department, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I6902469"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114127438","display_name":"Kaiyuan Zheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-3264-9185","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0008-3264-9185","https://orcid.org/0009-0009-5936-1832"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150468666","display_name":"Emory University","ror":"https://ror.org/03czfpz43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150468666"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kaiyuan Zheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Biology Department, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-5936-1832","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biology Department, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150468666"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054058033","display_name":"Ronald L. Calabrese","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7135-3469","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7135-3469"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12834331","display_name":"University of Wyoming","ror":"https://ror.org/01485tq96","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12834331"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ronald L. Calabrese","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, 82071"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7135-3469","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, 82071","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12834331"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068729863","display_name":"Kara Geo Pratt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6743-4757","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6743-4757"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150468666","display_name":"Emory University","ror":"https://ror.org/03czfpz43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150468666"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kara G. Pratt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Biology Department, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6743-4757","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biology Department, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150468666"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5075454674"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I6902469"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10427","display_name":"Visual perception and processing mechanisms","score":0.9140999913215637,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10427","display_name":"Visual perception and processing mechanisms","score":0.9140999913215637,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10077","display_name":"Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research","score":0.058400001376867294,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2804","display_name":"Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10581","display_name":"Neural dynamics and brain function","score":0.008799999952316284,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/direction-selectivity","display_name":"direction selectivity","score":0.9959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optic-tectum","display_name":"optic tectum","score":0.9850000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/xenopus-laevis-tadpoles","display_name":"Xenopus laevis tadpoles","score":0.8920000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intrinsic-excitability","display_name":"intrinsic excitability","score":0.9200000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conductance-based-neuron-model","display_name":"conductance-based neuron model","score":0.8859999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visual-development","display_name":"visual development","score":0.5009999871253967}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.7595999836921692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112592302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207387","display_name":"Excitatory postsynaptic potential","level":3,"score":0.7573000192642212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779535977","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1342298","display_name":"Xenopus","level":3,"score":0.6833000183105469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197341189","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q863533","display_name":"Postsynaptic potential","level":3,"score":0.5934000015258789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119088629","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q558363","display_name":"Visual system","level":3,"score":0.48429998755455017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17077164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1185869","display_name":"Inhibitory postsynaptic potential","level":2,"score":0.448199987411499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779480072","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185080","display_name":"Tectum","level":4,"score":0.4350000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185263204","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1154774","display_name":"Electrophysiology","level":2,"score":0.420199990272522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781390188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25203449","display_name":"Spike (software development)","level":2,"score":0.3880999982357025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.3594000041484833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57493831","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3134666","display_name":"Projection (relational algebra)","level":2,"score":0.3589000105857849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2910581834","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207387","display_name":"Postsynaptic Current","level":4,"score":0.3427000045776367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2909253048","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1109417","display_name":"Superior Colliculi","level":4,"score":0.3352000117301941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.33309999108314514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118792377","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q108584245","display_name":"Selectivity","level":3,"score":0.3330000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207363949","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q462915","display_name":"Visual space","level":3,"score":0.32499998807907104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94487597","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11101","display_name":"Sensory system","level":2,"score":0.3050999939441681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.30390000343322754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200170125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q969316","display_name":"Neurotransmission","level":3,"score":0.30149999260902405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19071747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1755207","display_name":"Receptive field","level":2,"score":0.2948000133037567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.29260000586509705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2909008984","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q108584245","display_name":"Frequency selectivity","level":2,"score":0.29170000553131104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118403218","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43283","display_name":"Biological neural network","level":2,"score":0.2775999903678894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58255318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6794070","display_name":"Mauthner cell","level":3,"score":0.27140000462532043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186060115","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30336093","display_name":"Biological system","level":1,"score":0.27070000767707825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105702510","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q514","display_name":"Anatomy","level":1,"score":0.26910001039505005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779617337","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q842429","display_name":"Soma","level":2,"score":0.25690001249313354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180205008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159190","display_name":"Amplitude","level":2,"score":0.25110000371932983}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.09.23.753923","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.23.753923","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.23.753923","pdf_url":"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2026/09/29/2026.09.23.753923.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402567","display_name":"bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2750212522","host_organization_name":"Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2750212522"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"bioRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13648459","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42856319/","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13648459/pdf/nihpp-2026.09.23.753923v1.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"bioRxiv","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:42856319","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42856319","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.09.23.753923","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.23.753923","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.23.753923","pdf_url":"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2026/09/29/2026.09.23.753923.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402567","display_name":"bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2750212522","host_organization_name":"Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2750212522"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"bioRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6065907934","display_name":"Development and function of the Xenopus tadpole retinotegmental projection","funder_award_id":"2212591","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G9000875649","display_name":"Differential Resilience in Models of Neurons and Circuits with Similar Outputs","funder_award_id":"R01MH046742","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337346","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Mental Health"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337346","display_name":"National Institute of Mental Health","ror":"https://ror.org/04xeg9z08"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7214702333.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7214702333.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2099089512","https://openalex.org/W1999831792","https://openalex.org/W3044751594","https://openalex.org/W2314460864","https://openalex.org/W1987745556","https://openalex.org/W2159581916","https://openalex.org/W1996770891","https://openalex.org/W2467685099","https://openalex.org/W2057272918","https://openalex.org/W2078505833"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"ABSTRACT":[0],"A":[1],"moving":[2],"object":[3],"passes":[4],"through":[5],"locations":[6],"in":[7,10,49,169,174,186],"visual":[8,20,40,100],"space":[9],"a":[11,139],"particular":[12],"order.":[13],"To":[14],"istinguish":[15],"opposite":[16],"directions":[17],"of":[18,97,125,141,210,215],"motion,":[19],"circuits":[21,41],"must":[22],"convert":[23],"this":[24,110],"temporal":[25,208],"order":[26],"into":[27],"different":[28],"direction":[29,47,65,142,170],"selective":[30],"neuronal":[31],"responses.":[32],"This":[33],"ability":[34],"emerges":[35],"and":[36,83,99,121,132,172],"is":[37,79],"refined":[38],"as":[39],"develop.":[42],"In":[43],"Xenopus":[44],"laevis":[45],"tadpoles,":[46],"selectivity":[48,66,143,171],"the":[50,76,91,113,122,166,193,207,216,227],"optic":[51],"tectum":[52],"sharpens":[53,67],"over":[54,109],"development.":[55],"Companion":[56],"work":[57,135],"by":[58,118],"Zheng":[59],"et":[60],"al":[61],"(2026)":[62],"shows":[63,107],"that":[64,206],"between":[68],"stage":[69,84,157,177],"45":[70],"(approximately":[71,86],"6\u20137":[72],"days":[73,88],"postfertilization),":[74,89],"when":[75,90],"retinotectal":[77],"circuit":[78],"undergoing":[80],"rapid":[81],"refinement,":[82],"48":[85],"10\u201316":[87],"projection":[92],"has":[93,102],"completed":[94],"one":[95],"phase":[96],"refinement":[98],"acuity":[101],"improved.":[103],"The":[104],"same":[105],"study":[106],"that,":[108],"period,":[111],"both":[112],"excitatory":[114,150],"synaptic":[115,131,211],"input":[116,212],"received":[117],"tectal":[119],"neurons":[120,127],"intrinsic":[123,133,180,220],"properties":[124,181],"those":[126],"change.":[128],"How":[129],"these":[130,203],"changes":[134,185],"together":[136],"to":[137],"produce":[138],"sharpening":[140],"unclear.":[144],"Here,":[145],"we":[146],"combined":[147],"visually":[148],"evoked":[149],"postsynaptic":[151],"current":[152],"trains":[153],"recorded":[154],"at":[155,176],"each":[156],"with":[158],"stage-specific":[159],"single-compartment":[160],"conductance-based":[161],"models.":[162],"These":[163],"simulations":[164],"reproduced":[165],"developmental":[167,200],"increase":[168],"reduction":[173],"spiking":[175],"48.":[178],"Changing":[179],"produced":[182],"only":[183],"modest":[184],"spike":[187,224],"counts,":[188],"while":[189,219],"reassigning":[190],"amplitudes":[191],"among":[192],"original":[194],"event":[195],"times":[196],"did":[197],"not":[198],"eliminate":[199],"sharpening.":[201],"Together,":[202],"results":[204],"suggest":[205],"organization":[209],"carries":[213],"much":[214],"directional":[217,230],"information,":[218],"maturation":[221],"lowers":[222],"overall":[223],"output,":[225],"making":[226],"input\u2019s":[228],"existing":[229],"bias":[231],"more":[232],"pronounced.":[233]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-08T12:12:28.789561","created_date":"2026-09-30T00:00:00"}
