{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7214701919","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/03000605261491422","title":"Artificial intelligence\u2013assisted perioperative risk prediction, decision support, and supervised automation in anesthesia: A narrative review","display_name":"Artificial intelligence\u2013assisted perioperative risk prediction, decision support, and supervised automation in anesthesia: A narrative review","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7214701919","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/03000605261491422","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42806783","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/13735686"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/03000605261491422","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/03000605261491422","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/03000605261491422","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S62018274","display_name":"Journal of International Medical Research","issn_l":"0300-0605","issn":["0300-0605","1473-2300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of International Medical Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"review","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/03000605261491422","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100319295","display_name":"Ran An","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1553-5326","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1553-5326","https://orcid.org/0009-0008-9970-701X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210141942","display_name":"Peking University Third Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/04wwqze12","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210141942"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ran An","raw_affiliation_strings":["Peking University Third Hospital"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-9970-701X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Peking University Third Hospital","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210141942"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5106482188","display_name":"Bingbing Meng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-4697-3126","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0002-4697-3126","https://orcid.org/0009-0002-5384-3135"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802939634","display_name":"Chinese PLA General Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/04gw3ra78","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802939634"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bingbing Meng","raw_affiliation_strings":["PLA General Hospital (PLA Medical School)"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-5384-3135","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"PLA General Hospital (PLA Medical School)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802939634"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5153428412","display_name":"Xun Lu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-8585-9669","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0009-8585-9669"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802939634","display_name":"Chinese PLA General Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/04gw3ra78","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802939634"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xun Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["PLA General Hospital (PLA Medical School)"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-8585-9669","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"PLA General Hospital (PLA Medical School)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802939634"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5153428412"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802939634"],"apc_list":{"value":4155,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4155},"apc_paid":{"value":4155,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4155},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.40482574,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"54","issue":"9","first_page":"3000605261491422","last_page":"3000605261491422"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.8960000276565552,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.8960000276565552,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13702","display_name":"Machine Learning in Healthcare","score":0.049300000071525574,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11396","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare","score":0.015599999576807022,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3605","display_name":"Health Information Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence-in-anesthesia","display_name":"artificial intelligence in anesthesia","score":0.9110000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perioperative-risk-prediction","display_name":"perioperative risk prediction","score":0.9169999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clinical-decision-support","display_name":"clinical decision support","score":0.9919999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feedback-control","display_name":"feedback control","score":0.6679999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning-prediction","display_name":"machine learning prediction","score":0.7360000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rule-based-decision-support","display_name":"rule-based decision support","score":0.8270000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/model-calibration","display_name":"model calibration","score":0.6380000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/external-validation","display_name":"external validation","score":0.7440000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distribution-shift","display_name":"distribution shift","score":0.6869999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interpretable-prediction","display_name":"interpretable prediction","score":0.7789999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/patient-centered-outcomes","display_name":"patient-centered outcomes","score":0.6850000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clinical-workflow","display_name":"clinical workflow","score":0.3059999942779541}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177212765","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q627335","display_name":"Workflow","level":2,"score":0.7669000029563904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.6640999913215637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020000205","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2412849","display_name":"Narrative review","level":2,"score":0.6467999815940857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83867959","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q371467","display_name":"Scopus","level":3,"score":0.6071000099182129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31174226","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q64855140","display_name":"Perioperative","level":2,"score":0.5285000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.45559999346733093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115901376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184199","display_name":"Automation","level":2,"score":0.4494999945163727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63527458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5133829","display_name":"Clinical decision support system","level":3,"score":0.43950000405311584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779473830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540899","display_name":"MEDLINE","level":2,"score":0.41370001435279846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107327155","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q330268","display_name":"Decision support system","level":2,"score":0.387800008058548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199033989","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1318295","display_name":"Narrative","level":2,"score":0.3801000118255615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12174686","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1058438","display_name":"Risk assessment","level":2,"score":0.37389999628067017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.37070000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189708586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1504425","display_name":"Systematic review","level":3,"score":0.36959999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.36090001463890076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2989179672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6806500","display_name":"Clinical decision making","level":2,"score":0.3596000075340271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.33239999413490295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779328685","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1475557","display_name":"Patient safety","level":3,"score":0.3237000107765198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.3199000060558319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19648533","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q691640","display_name":"Evidence-based medicine","level":3,"score":0.3138999938964844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.2842000126838684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.2759000062942505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84525736","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q831366","display_name":"Decision tree","level":2,"score":0.267300009727478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195094911","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14167904","display_name":"Process management","level":1,"score":0.266400009393692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32896092","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189447","display_name":"Risk management","level":2,"score":0.263700008392334}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000097786","descriptor_name":"Soft Computing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000098412","descriptor_name":"Predictive Learning Models","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000098437","descriptor_name":"Prediction Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000758","descriptor_name":"Anesthesia","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000776","descriptor_name":"Anesthesiology","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001331","descriptor_name":"Automation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018570","descriptor_name":"Risk Assessment","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019990","descriptor_name":"Perioperative Care","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D020000","descriptor_name":"Decision Support Systems, Clinical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/03000605261491422","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/03000605261491422","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/03000605261491422","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S62018274","display_name":"Journal of International Medical Research","issn_l":"0300-0605","issn":["0300-0605","1473-2300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of International Medical Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13735686","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13735686/","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13735686/pdf/10.1177_03000605261491422.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"J Int Med Res","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:42806783","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42806783","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Journal of international medical research","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:c00546d19f2442e299b7cc2fe2fcfcae","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/c00546d19f2442e299b7cc2fe2fcfcae","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of International Medical Research, Vol 54 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/03000605261491422","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/03000605261491422","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/03000605261491422","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S62018274","display_name":"Journal of International Medical Research","issn_l":"0300-0605","issn":["0300-0605","1473-2300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of International Medical Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.9763000011444092}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7214701919.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7214701919.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":57,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1605246140","https://openalex.org/W2000084874","https://openalex.org/W2018984140","https://openalex.org/W2027206415","https://openalex.org/W2037348596","https://openalex.org/W2045030989","https://openalex.org/W2114829093","https://openalex.org/W2120751691","https://openalex.org/W2132840395","https://openalex.org/W2185895351","https://openalex.org/W2471503697","https://openalex.org/W2573003069","https://openalex.org/W2581138085","https://openalex.org/W2586896504","https://openalex.org/W2791333831","https://openalex.org/W2892741787","https://openalex.org/W2903311717","https://openalex.org/W2922577842","https://openalex.org/W2995772559","https://openalex.org/W2996480032","https://openalex.org/W3006079219","https://openalex.org/W3016144601","https://openalex.org/W3028904703","https://openalex.org/W3040752859","https://openalex.org/W3048369583","https://openalex.org/W3092411747","https://openalex.org/W3109609494","https://openalex.org/W3177084564","https://openalex.org/W3181269497","https://openalex.org/W3196529262","https://openalex.org/W3214439486","https://openalex.org/W4200090812","https://openalex.org/W4200560990","https://openalex.org/W4205987172","https://openalex.org/W4206417227","https://openalex.org/W4206566424","https://openalex.org/W4280572991","https://openalex.org/W4291825997","https://openalex.org/W4318393249","https://openalex.org/W4321749178","https://openalex.org/W4361267892","https://openalex.org/W4365448911","https://openalex.org/W4386332564","https://openalex.org/W4386637335","https://openalex.org/W4388186387","https://openalex.org/W4390818902","https://openalex.org/W4391238866","https://openalex.org/W4391403421","https://openalex.org/W4394857110","https://openalex.org/W4400458112","https://openalex.org/W4401209628","https://openalex.org/W4402766853","https://openalex.org/W4403048071","https://openalex.org/W4406490140","https://openalex.org/W4408675438","https://openalex.org/W4412841829","https://openalex.org/W4416291287"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7214172257","https://openalex.org/W7164832359","https://openalex.org/W7222830936","https://openalex.org/W4408693655","https://openalex.org/W7172134144","https://openalex.org/W7163332821","https://openalex.org/W7106007762","https://openalex.org/W7222930292","https://openalex.org/W4362667591","https://openalex.org/W7141700606"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Artificial":[0],"intelligence":[1,35],"is":[2,96,120,155,181],"increasingly":[3],"being":[4],"investigated":[5],"as":[6,115,134],"a":[7,57,137,190],"tool":[8],"for":[9,21,122],"supporting":[10],"personalized":[11],"perioperative":[12,187],"care.":[13],"This":[14],"narrative":[15],"review,":[16],"guided":[17],"by":[18],"the":[19,22],"Scale":[20],"Assessment":[23],"of":[24,33,60,63,93],"Narrative":[25],"Review":[26],"Articles":[27],"principles,":[28],"examines":[29],"clinically":[30,225],"relevant":[31],"applications":[32],"artificial":[34,109],"and":[36,52,65,68,86,106,126,170,186,206,230],"related":[37],"automation":[38],"in":[39],"anesthesiology,":[40],"with":[41,189,197],"emphasis":[42],"on":[43],"three":[44],"linked":[45],"functions:":[46],"risk":[47],"prediction,":[48,99],"clinical":[49,81,164],"decision":[50,101,208],"support,":[51,102,209],"supervised":[53,127],"automation.":[54],"We":[55,79],"performed":[56],"structured":[58],"search":[59],"PubMed,":[61],"Web":[62],"Science,":[64],"Scopus":[66],"databases":[67],"identified":[69],"English-language":[70],"literature":[71],"published":[72],"from":[73],"January":[74],"2010":[75],"through":[76],"June":[77],"2026.":[78],"prioritized":[80],"studies,":[82],"guidelines,":[83],"systematic":[84],"reviews,":[85],"representative":[87],"methodological":[88],"studies.":[89],"A":[90],"central":[91],"distinction":[92],"this":[94],"review":[95],"that":[97,129,143],"machine-learning":[98],"rule-based":[100],"conventional":[103],"feedback":[104],"control,":[105],"genuinely":[107],"adaptive":[108],"intelligence-enabled":[110],"control":[111],"are":[112],"not":[113],"treated":[114],"equivalent":[116],"technologies.":[117],"Current":[118],"evidence":[119,142],"strongest":[121],"selected":[123],"prediction":[124,205],"tasks":[125],"systems":[128,212],"improve":[130,146],"process":[131],"measures":[132],"such":[133],"time":[135],"within":[136],"physiological":[138],"target":[139],"range.":[140],"However,":[141],"these":[144],"technologies":[145],"patient-centered":[147],"outcomes":[148],"remains":[149],"less":[150],"consistent.":[151],"Model":[152],"discrimination":[153],"alone":[154],"insufficient;":[156],"calibration,":[157],"actionable":[158],"thresholds,":[159],"false-positive":[160],"burden,":[161],"external":[162],"validation,":[163,224],"utility,":[165],"dataset":[166],"shift,":[167],"missing":[168],"data,":[169],"workflow":[171],"consequences":[172],"must":[173],"also":[174],"be":[175],"considered.":[176],"The":[177],"proposed":[178],"three-level":[179],"framework":[180],"intended":[182],"to":[183,193],"provide":[184],"anesthesiologists":[185],"teams":[188],"practical":[191],"way":[192],"connect":[194],"technical":[195,235],"capability":[196],"bedside":[198],"action.":[199],"Near-term":[200],"implementation":[201],"should":[202,213,220],"prioritize":[203],"interpretable":[204],"low-burden":[207],"whereas":[210],"closed-loop":[211],"remain":[214],"under":[215],"clinician":[216],"supervision.":[217],"Future":[218],"studies":[219],"emphasize":[221],"prospective":[222],"multicenter":[223],"meaningful":[226],"endpoints,":[227],"transparent":[228],"reporting,":[229],"post-deployment":[231],"monitoring":[232],"rather":[233],"than":[234],"performance":[236],"alone.":[237]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-09T13:22:03.289127","created_date":"2026-09-30T00:00:00"}
