{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7214701291","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2609.32854","title":"Logic Gate Networks and Lookup Table Networks as Lightweight Hardware Classifiers for Inter-patient ECG Arrhythmia Classification","display_name":"Logic Gate Networks and Lookup Table Networks as Lightweight Hardware Classifiers for Inter-patient ECG Arrhythmia Classification","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-09-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7214701291","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2609.32854"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2609.32854","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.32854","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2609.32854","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["arxiv","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2609.32854","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093723186","display_name":"Wout Mommen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7550-572X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7550-572X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I13469542","display_name":"Vrije Universiteit Brussel","ror":"https://ror.org/006e5kg04","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I13469542"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114974","display_name":"IMEC","ror":"https://ror.org/02kcbn207","country_code":"BE","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114974"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mommen, Wout","raw_affiliation_strings":["Interuniversity Microelectronics Centre (IMEC) , Kapeldreef 75 , Leuven , 3001 , Belgium","Vrije Universiteit Brussel , Pleinlaan 2 , Elsene , 1050 , Belgium"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Interuniversity Microelectronics Centre (IMEC) , Kapeldreef 75 , Leuven , 3001 , Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114974"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Vrije Universiteit Brussel , Pleinlaan 2 , Elsene , 1050 , Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I13469542"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028546446","display_name":"Lars Keuninckx","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8852-6960","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8852-6960"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114974","display_name":"IMEC","ror":"https://ror.org/02kcbn207","country_code":"BE","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114974"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Keuninckx, Lars","raw_affiliation_strings":["Interuniversity Microelectronics Centre (IMEC) , Kapeldreef 75 , Leuven , 3001 , Belgium"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Interuniversity Microelectronics Centre (IMEC) , Kapeldreef 75 , Leuven , 3001 , Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114974"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5153429861","display_name":"Siddharth Patil","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114974","display_name":"IMEC","ror":"https://ror.org/02kcbn207","country_code":"BE","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114974"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Patil, Siddharth","raw_affiliation_strings":["Interuniversity Microelectronics Centre (IMEC) , Kapeldreef 75 , Leuven , 3001 , Belgium"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Interuniversity Microelectronics Centre (IMEC) , Kapeldreef 75 , Leuven , 3001 , Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114974"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073696999","display_name":"Paul Detterer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9329-1721","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9329-1721"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I196972281","display_name":"Imec the Netherlands","ror":"https://ror.org/01ezq2j76","country_code":"NL","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I196972281"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210153656","display_name":"Holst Centre (Netherlands)","ror":"https://ror.org/04abpa862","country_code":"NL","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210153656"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Detterer, Paul","raw_affiliation_strings":["imec Holst Centre , High Tech Campus 31 , Eindhoven , 5656 AE , the Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"imec Holst Centre , High Tech Campus 31 , Eindhoven , 5656 AE , the Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196972281","https://openalex.org/I4210153656"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071443242","display_name":"Achiel Colpaert","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1238-2002","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1238-2002"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114974","display_name":"IMEC","ror":"https://ror.org/02kcbn207","country_code":"BE","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114974"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Colpaert, Achiel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Interuniversity Microelectronics Centre (IMEC) , Kapeldreef 75 , Leuven , 3001 , Belgium"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Interuniversity Microelectronics Centre (IMEC) , Kapeldreef 75 , Leuven , 3001 , Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114974"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059069030","display_name":"Piet Wambacq","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4388-7257","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4388-7257"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I13469542","display_name":"Vrije Universiteit Brussel","ror":"https://ror.org/006e5kg04","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I13469542"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114974","display_name":"IMEC","ror":"https://ror.org/02kcbn207","country_code":"BE","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114974"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wambacq, Piet","raw_affiliation_strings":["Interuniversity Microelectronics Centre (IMEC) , Kapeldreef 75 , Leuven , 3001 , Belgium","Vrije Universiteit Brussel , Pleinlaan 2 , Elsene , 1050 , Belgium"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Interuniversity Microelectronics Centre (IMEC) , Kapeldreef 75 , Leuven , 3001 , Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114974"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Vrije Universiteit Brussel , Pleinlaan 2 , Elsene , 1050 , Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I13469542"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11021","display_name":"ECG Monitoring and Analysis","score":0.9096999764442444,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11021","display_name":"ECG Monitoring and Analysis","score":0.9096999764442444,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10363","display_name":"Low-power high-performance VLSI design","score":0.013899999670684338,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.010400000028312206,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ecg-arrhythmia-classification","display_name":"ECG arrhythmia classification","score":0.9369999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mit-bih-arrhythmia-database","display_name":"MIT-BIH arrhythmia database","score":0.8320000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fpga-implementation","display_name":"FPGA implementation","score":0.7089999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-efficient-inference","display_name":"energy-efficient inference","score":0.7329999804496765}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70970002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189434","display_name":"Multiplexer","level":3,"score":0.7623000144958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43521106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2165493","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","level":2,"score":0.7041000127792358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6859999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134835016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q690265","display_name":"Lookup table","level":2,"score":0.6748999953269958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34736171","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q918333","display_name":"Preprocessor","level":2,"score":0.5534999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45235069","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q278425","display_name":"Table (database)","level":2,"score":0.49320000410079956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131017901","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170451","display_name":"Logic gate","level":2,"score":0.4690000116825104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48372109","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3913","display_name":"Binary number","level":2,"score":0.4449999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.4097999930381775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778325283","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1125244","display_name":"Logic block","level":3,"score":0.4018000066280365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.3815000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3671000003814697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10418432","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q560370","display_name":"AND gate","level":3,"score":0.3529999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.35100001096725464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157922185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173198","display_name":"Logic synthesis","level":3,"score":0.34709998965263367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780586882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7520643","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.33329999446868896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.33149999380111694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81843906","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173156","display_name":"Digital electronics","level":3,"score":0.33000001311302185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.32710000872612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.32499998807907104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115901376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184199","display_name":"Automation","level":2,"score":0.31929999589920044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.31779998540878296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.31290000677108765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58140894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q560398","display_name":"OR gate","level":4,"score":0.3125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.29910001158714294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187455244","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q942353","display_name":"Boolean function","level":2,"score":0.2867000102996826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.2849999964237213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202615002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q783507","display_name":"Differentiable function","level":2,"score":0.2567000091075897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34854456","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1484552","display_name":"Register-transfer level","level":4,"score":0.2540000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.2533000111579895}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2609.32854","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.32854","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2609.32854","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2609.32854","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2609.32854","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2609.32854","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2609.32854","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.32854","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2609.32854","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327336","display_name":"Vlaamse regering","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7214701291.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7214701291.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2095409369","https://openalex.org/W2096049976","https://openalex.org/W2103308415","https://openalex.org/W2114842946","https://openalex.org/W2133876672","https://openalex.org/W2148143831","https://openalex.org/W2162273778","https://openalex.org/W2300242332","https://openalex.org/W2888491225","https://openalex.org/W2908561972","https://openalex.org/W2951537853","https://openalex.org/W2980026398","https://openalex.org/W3036866137","https://openalex.org/W3081864884","https://openalex.org/W4200420731","https://openalex.org/W4283371538","https://openalex.org/W4391455313","https://openalex.org/W4402570972","https://openalex.org/W4403278560","https://openalex.org/W4403573346","https://openalex.org/W4414223295","https://openalex.org/W4415192574","https://openalex.org/W4415795242","https://openalex.org/W4415882883","https://openalex.org/W4416062403","https://openalex.org/W4417130444"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7124706345","https://openalex.org/W4405845186","https://openalex.org/W4416410673","https://openalex.org/W7168299237","https://openalex.org/W4410589588","https://openalex.org/W4390993435","https://openalex.org/W2944242815","https://openalex.org/W4402572546","https://openalex.org/W3128337873","https://openalex.org/W3216799120"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Deep":[0],"Differentiable":[1],"Logic":[2],"Gate":[3],"Networks":[4,9],"(LGNs)":[5],"and":[6,76,89,109,128,133,145,169,208],"Lookup":[7],"Table":[8],"(LUTNs)":[10],"offer":[11],"a":[12,58,72,110,116,120,170,177,185],"promising":[13],"approach":[14],"for":[15,61,217],"very":[16],"low":[17],"power":[18],"inference":[19],"due":[20],"to":[21,42,91,106,124,140,150],"their":[22],"use":[23],"of":[24,30,40,53,71,87,113,153,165,188,191],"simple":[25],"binary":[26],"logic":[27,38],"operations":[28],"instead":[29],"arithmetic.":[31],"In":[32],"this":[33],"work,":[34],"we":[35,66],"generalize":[36],"the":[37,63,68,85,97,166,199],"gates":[39],"LGNs":[41,88,132,207],"more":[43],"than":[44,156],"two":[45],"input":[46,79],"pins,":[47],"naturally":[48],"arriving":[49],"at":[50],"networks":[51],"consisting":[52],"$N$-input":[54],"LUTs.":[55],"To":[56],"obtain":[57],"differentiable":[59],"expression":[60],"training":[62],"$N$-LUT":[64],"entries,":[65],"adopt":[67],"Boolean":[69],"equation":[70],"$2^N$:1":[73],"multiplexer":[74],"(MUX)":[75],"optimize":[77],"its":[78],"parameters":[80],"during":[81],"training.":[82],"We":[83,159],"investigate":[84],"applicability":[86],"LUTNs":[90,134,209],"inter-patient":[92,218],"ECG":[93,219],"arrhythmia":[94,220],"classification":[95],"using":[96],"MIT-BIH":[98],"data":[99],"set.":[100],"The":[101,181],"proposed":[102],"models":[103],"achieve":[104],"up":[105],"94.41\\%":[107],"accuracy":[108],"$j\u03ba$":[111],"index":[112],"0.683":[114],"on":[115,176],"four-class":[117],"task,":[118],"showing":[119],"competitive":[121],"performance":[122],"compared":[123],"existing":[125],"CNN-,":[126],"SVM-":[127],"SNN-based":[129],"methods.":[130,158],"Our":[131],"only":[135,193],"require":[136],"an":[137],"estimated":[138],"2.89k":[139],"6.17k":[141],"FLOPs,":[142],"including":[143],"preprocessing":[144,167],"readout,":[146],"which":[147,163,192],"is":[148,196],"three":[149],"six":[151],"orders":[152],"magnitude":[154],"less":[155],"state-of-the-art":[157],"verified":[160],"our":[161],"design,":[162],"consists":[164],"pipeline":[168],"6-LUTN":[171],"classifier,":[172],"by":[173,198],"implementing":[174],"it":[175],"Xilinx":[178],"Zynq-7000":[179],"ZedBoard.":[180],"complete":[182],"system":[183],"consumes":[184],"dynamic":[186],"energy":[187],"8.25":[189],"$\u03bc$J/inference,":[190],"0.46":[194],"nJ":[195],"utilized":[197],"LUTN":[200],"classifier.":[201],"These":[202],"results":[203],"show":[204],"that":[205],"both":[206],"can":[210],"be":[211],"employed":[212],"as":[213],"lightweight":[214],"hardware-based":[215],"classifiers":[216],"classification.":[221]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2026-09-30T00:00:00"}