{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7214699609","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4168/aair.2026.18.5.668","title":"Exposure to Environmental Pollutants and the Risk of Respiratory Illnesses in 36-Month-Old Children: The Korean Children\u2019s Environmental Health Study (Ko-CHENS)","display_name":"Exposure to Environmental Pollutants and the Risk of Respiratory Illnesses in 36-Month-Old Children: The Korean Children\u2019s Environmental Health Study (Ko-CHENS)","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7214699609","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4168/aair.2026.18.5.668","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42845224","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/13655398"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.4168/aair.2026.18.5.668","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4168/aair.2026.18.5.668","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4168/aair.2026.18.5.668","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S8319085","display_name":"Allergy Asthma and Immunology Research","issn_l":"2092-7355","issn":["2092-7355","2092-7363"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","kci-registered","ki-jl-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.4168/aair.2026.18.5.668","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090692462","display_name":"Chang Min Kang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5670-3635","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5670-3635"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197347611","display_name":"Korea University","ror":"https://ror.org/047dqcg40","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197347611"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Changmin Kang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Allergy Immunology Center, Korea University, Seoul, Korea","Department of Pediatrics, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5670-3635","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Allergy Immunology Center, Korea University, Seoul, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197347611"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pediatrics, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197347611"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012319299","display_name":"Seung\u2010Ah Choe","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6270-5020","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6270-5020"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197347611","display_name":"Korea University","ror":"https://ror.org/047dqcg40","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197347611"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Seung-Ah Choe","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Preventive Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6270-5020","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Preventive Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197347611"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125583560","display_name":"Hyunseo Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8255-2103","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8255-2103"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197347611","display_name":"Korea University","ror":"https://ror.org/047dqcg40","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197347611"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hyunseo Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Allergy Immunology Center, Korea University, Seoul, Korea","Department of Pediatrics, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8255-2103","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Allergy Immunology Center, Korea University, Seoul, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197347611"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pediatrics, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197347611"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060151834","display_name":"\uc774\uadfc\ud654","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-0392-6514","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0002-0392-6514"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197347611","display_name":"Korea University","ror":"https://ror.org/047dqcg40","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197347611"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Geunhwa Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Allergy Immunology Center, Korea University, Seoul, Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-0392-6514","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Allergy Immunology Center, Korea University, Seoul, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197347611"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032168050","display_name":"Sa-Ho Chun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-3084-4293","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0001-3084-4293","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1925-9499"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I64946176","display_name":"National Institute of Environmental Research","ror":"https://ror.org/02xhmzq41","country_code":"KR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I64946176"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"JungHeum Jo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Environmental Health Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1925-9499","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Environmental Health Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I64946176"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005354910","display_name":"Jue Seong Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1803-4682","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1803-4682"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197347611","display_name":"Korea University","ror":"https://ror.org/047dqcg40","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197347611"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jue Seong Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Allergy Immunology Center, Korea University, Seoul, Korea","Department of Pediatrics, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1803-4682","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Allergy Immunology Center, Korea University, Seoul, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197347611"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pediatrics, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197347611"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089140167","display_name":"Dae Jin Song","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0647-3186","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0647-3186"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197347611","display_name":"Korea University","ror":"https://ror.org/047dqcg40","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197347611"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dae Jin Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["Allergy Immunology Center, Korea University, Seoul, Korea","Department of Pediatrics, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0647-3186","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Allergy Immunology Center, Korea University, Seoul, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197347611"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pediatrics, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197347611"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086700294","display_name":"Young Yoo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3354-6969","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3354-6969"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197347611","display_name":"Korea University","ror":"https://ror.org/047dqcg40","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197347611"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Young Yoo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Allergy Immunology Center, Korea University, Seoul, Korea","Department of Pediatrics, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3354-6969","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Allergy Immunology Center, Korea University, Seoul, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197347611"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pediatrics, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197347611"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050593127","display_name":"Ko-CHENS Study group","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ko-CHENS Study group","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5086700294"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197347611"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.71783989,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"5","first_page":"668","last_page":"668"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10051","display_name":"Asthma and respiratory diseases","score":0.3783999979496002,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10051","display_name":"Asthma and respiratory diseases","score":0.3783999979496002,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11002","display_name":"Indoor Air Quality and Microbial Exposure","score":0.2849000096321106,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2307","display_name":"Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10190","display_name":"Air Quality and Health Impacts","score":0.21529999375343323,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2307","display_name":"Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-contaminants","display_name":"environmental pollutants","score":0.9449999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/respiratory-diseases","display_name":"respiratory diseases","score":0.5699999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/young-children","display_name":"young children","score":0.6710000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/allergic-rhinitis","display_name":"allergic rhinitis","score":0.6880000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/infant-asthma","display_name":"infantile asthma","score":0.7850000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/recurrent-wheezing","display_name":"recurrent wheezing","score":0.9670000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pneumonia","display_name":"pneumonia","score":0.8669999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bronchiolitis","display_name":"bronchiolitis","score":0.906000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lead-exposure","display_name":"lead exposure","score":0.6449999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phthalate-metabolites","display_name":"phthalate metabolites","score":0.9490000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/house-dust-mite-allergens","display_name":"house dust mite allergens","score":0.8240000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/volatile-organic-compounds","display_name":"volatile organic compounds","score":0.8519999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-tobacco-smoke","display_name":"environmental tobacco smoke","score":0.7549999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pet-ownership","display_name":"pet ownership","score":0.984000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heavy-metals","display_name":"heavy metals","score":0.6669999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/endocrine-disruptors","display_name":"endocrine disruptors","score":0.8519999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/residential-environment","display_name":"residential environment","score":0.6259999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chemical-mixtures","display_name":"chemical mixtures","score":0.6010000109672546}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.9223999977111816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.7950000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82685317","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19829510","display_name":"Pollutant","level":2,"score":0.5778999924659729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C534529494","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7891","display_name":"Respiratory system","level":2,"score":0.5703999996185303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987853052","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131123","display_name":"Air pollutants","level":3,"score":0.5336999893188477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201052633","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5381223","display_name":"Environmental epidemiology","level":2,"score":0.288100004196167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107130276","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133805","display_name":"Epidemiology","level":2,"score":0.2863999903202057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C559116025","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131123","display_name":"Air pollution","level":2,"score":0.28610000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987857752","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12147","display_name":"Human health","level":2,"score":0.2854999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12174686","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1058438","display_name":"Risk assessment","level":2,"score":0.27379998564720154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50440223","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1475848","display_name":"Risk factor","level":2,"score":0.2727999985218048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984618805","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2284929","display_name":"Health risk","level":2,"score":0.26330000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779473830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540899","display_name":"MEDLINE","level":2,"score":0.2563999891281128}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.4168/aair.2026.18.5.668","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4168/aair.2026.18.5.668","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4168/aair.2026.18.5.668","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S8319085","display_name":"Allergy Asthma and Immunology Research","issn_l":"2092-7355","issn":["2092-7355","2092-7363"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","kci-registered","ki-jl-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13655398","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13655398/","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13655398/pdf/aair-18-668.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Allergy Asthma Immunol Res","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:42845224","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42845224","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Allergy, asthma & immunology research","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.4168/aair.2026.18.5.668","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4168/aair.2026.18.5.668","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4168/aair.2026.18.5.668","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S8319085","display_name":"Allergy Asthma and Immunology Research","issn_l":"2092-7355","issn":["2092-7355","2092-7363"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","kci-registered","ki-jl-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":1.0}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G506680179","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NIER-2019","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326584","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Environmental Research"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8174826908","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NIER-2019-03-01-001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326584","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Environmental Research"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8442321909","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NIER-2019-03-01-001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322007","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Environment"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G9000501788","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NIER-2019-03-01-001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321408","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Education"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321373","display_name":"Korea University","ror":"https://ror.org/047dqcg40"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321408","display_name":"Ministry of Education","ror":"https://ror.org/01p262204"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322007","display_name":"Ministry of Environment","ror":"https://ror.org/04xmt0833"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326584","display_name":"National Institute of Environmental Research","ror":"https://ror.org/02xhmzq41"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335154","display_name":"College of Medicine, Korea University","ror":"https://ror.org/047dqcg40"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7214699609.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7214699609.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1820734772","https://openalex.org/W1969980812","https://openalex.org/W1975127937","https://openalex.org/W2015778107","https://openalex.org/W2142259952","https://openalex.org/W2733928499","https://openalex.org/W2803216659","https://openalex.org/W2809085895","https://openalex.org/W2897817830","https://openalex.org/W2903752650","https://openalex.org/W2922376273","https://openalex.org/W2971501349","https://openalex.org/W2988902609","https://openalex.org/W3006326410","https://openalex.org/W3012311085","https://openalex.org/W3041358129","https://openalex.org/W3094679368","https://openalex.org/W3132138712","https://openalex.org/W4212929177","https://openalex.org/W4221116935","https://openalex.org/W4298630167","https://openalex.org/W4362641220","https://openalex.org/W4365145542","https://openalex.org/W4377990902","https://openalex.org/W4392242527","https://openalex.org/W4402238089","https://openalex.org/W4404797244","https://openalex.org/W4409937523","https://openalex.org/W4410587103","https://openalex.org/W4412766159"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2890391689","https://openalex.org/W1996237219","https://openalex.org/W4405327307","https://openalex.org/W7143856366","https://openalex.org/W2902352244","https://openalex.org/W4230829989","https://openalex.org/W2955774820","https://openalex.org/W2321966794","https://openalex.org/W7096470664","https://openalex.org/W1973828875"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"PURPOSE:":[0],"This":[1],"study":[2],"aimed":[3],"to":[4,10,75,103,110,159,205,209,229,279,286],"investigate":[5],"the":[6,18,29,77,105,119,126,135,236,245,265],"association":[7,107],"of":[8,20,51,63,79,108,112,121,128,157,212,238],"exposure":[9,109,158,179,185],"environmental":[11,64,97,116,160,230,271,287],"pollutants":[12,231],"and":[13,40,57,61,93,95,114,163,176,197,200,221,226,244,269,276],"surrounding":[14,246],"residential":[15,96,247],"environments":[16],"with":[17,118,144,150,173,189,201,218,235],"development":[19,237],"respiratory":[21,82,122,138,147,151,239,259],"illnesses":[22,83,152,240],"in":[23,59,66,241,257],"36-month-old":[24],"children":[25,145,172,281],"using":[26],"data":[27],"from":[28],"Korean":[30],"CHildren's":[31],"ENvironmental":[32],"health":[33],"Study.":[34],"METHODS:":[35],"],":[36],"volatile":[37],"organic":[38],"compounds,":[39],"house":[41],"dust":[42],"mite":[43,167],"allergens)":[44],"were":[45,68,169],"measured":[46],"during":[47,249],"home":[48],"visits.":[49],"Concentrations":[50],"both":[52,274],"heavy":[53],"metals":[54],"(lead,":[55],"mercury,":[56],"cadmium)":[58],"blood":[60],"metabolites":[62],"hormones":[65],"urine":[67],"analyzed.":[69],"A":[70],"structured":[71],"questionnaire":[72],"was":[73,101,134,186,215],"used":[74],"assess":[76],"presence":[78],"6":[80],"common":[81],"(infantile":[84],"asthma,":[85,87],"current":[86,131,190,222],"recurrent":[88,174],"wheezing,":[89],"allergic":[90,132,191],"rhinitis,":[91,192],"bronchiolitis,":[92],"pneumonia)":[94],"characteristics.":[98],"Quantile-based":[99],"g-computation":[100],"employed":[102],"estimate":[104],"joint":[106],"mixtures":[111],"physical":[113],"chemical":[115],"factors":[117],"risk":[120],"illnesses.":[123],"RESULTS:":[124],"Among":[125],"total":[127],"4,059":[129],"children,":[130,243],"rhinitis":[133],"most":[136],"prevalent":[137],"illness":[139],"at":[140,273],"36":[141],"months.":[142],"Compared":[143],"without":[146],"illnesses,":[148],"those":[149],"showed":[153],"significantly":[154],"higher":[155,170],"frequencies":[156],"tobacco":[161],"smoking":[162],"pet":[164],"ownership.":[165],"Dust":[166],"concentrations":[168],"among":[171],"wheezing":[175],"pneumonia.":[177],"Mixture":[178],"analysis":[180],"revealed":[181],"that":[182],"overall":[183],"mixture":[184,211],"positively":[187,216],"associated":[188,217,234],"largely":[193],"driven":[194],"by":[195],"lead":[196],"phthalate":[198,206],"metabolites,":[199],"pneumonia,":[202],"mainly":[203],"attributable":[204],"metabolites.":[207],"Exposure":[208],"a":[210,254],"multiple":[213],"chemicals":[214],"infantile":[219],"asthma":[220],"asthma.":[223],"CONCLUSIONS:":[224],"Direct":[225],"indirect":[227],"exposures":[228],"are":[232,283],"closely":[233],"young":[242],"environment":[248],"early":[250],"childhood":[251],"also":[252],"plays":[253],"critical":[255],"role":[256],"determining":[258],"disease":[260],"risk.":[261],"These":[262],"findings":[263],"support":[264],"need":[266],"for":[267],"systematic":[268],"sustainable":[270],"management":[272],"individual":[275],"community":[277],"levels":[278],"protect":[280],"who":[282],"particularly":[284],"vulnerable":[285],"hazards.":[288]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-08T12:12:28.789561","created_date":"2026-09-30T00:00:00"}