{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7214643286","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31193460","title":"Phase Engineering of WO3 Nanoparticles Towards Efficient Photochromic Nanocomposites","display_name":"Phase Engineering of WO3 Nanoparticles Towards Efficient Photochromic Nanocomposites","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-09-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7214643286","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31193460","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42883226","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/13666272"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/molecules31193460","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31193460","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31193460","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S108911230","display_name":"Molecules","issn_l":"1420-3049","issn":["1420-3049","1433-1373"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","medline","poland-140","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Molecules","raw_type":"journal-article"},"parent_works":[],"lineage":["https://openalex.org/W7214643286"],"child_works_count":0,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31193460","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005708567","display_name":"Nicola Caggiano","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-6795-2767","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0004-6795-2767"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5561750","display_name":"University of Bari Aldo Moro","ror":"https://ror.org/027ynra39","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5561750"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nicola Caggiano","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dipartimento di Chimica, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-6795-2767","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dipartimento di Chimica, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5561750"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056379913","display_name":"Carlo Nazareno Dibenedetto","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9246-2496","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9246-2496"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Carlo Nazareno Dibenedetto","raw_affiliation_strings":["CNR-Istituto per i Processi Chimico Fisici (CNR-IPCF), Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9246-2496","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CNR-Istituto per i Processi Chimico Fisici (CNR-IPCF), Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021199408","display_name":"Elisabetta Fanizza","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6293-9388","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6293-9388"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5561750","display_name":"University of Bari Aldo Moro","ror":"https://ror.org/027ynra39","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5561750"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elisabetta Fanizza","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dipartimento di Chimica, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6293-9388","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dipartimento di Chimica, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5561750"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048392325","display_name":"Pierluigi Lasala","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-0824-0666","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0003-0824-0666"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5561750","display_name":"University of Bari Aldo Moro","ror":"https://ror.org/027ynra39","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5561750"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pierluigi Lasala","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dipartimento di Chimica, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dipartimento di Chimica, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5561750"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040978890","display_name":"Annamaria Panniello","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4907-2473","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4907-2473"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Annamaria Panniello","raw_affiliation_strings":["CNR-Istituto per i Processi Chimico Fisici (CNR-IPCF), Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4907-2473","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CNR-Istituto per i Processi Chimico Fisici (CNR-IPCF), Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042951465","display_name":"Teresa Sibillano","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7741-1436","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7741-1436"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166808","display_name":"Institute of Crystallography","ror":"https://ror.org/05wba8r86","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155236","https://openalex.org/I4210166808"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Teresa Sibillano","raw_affiliation_strings":["CNR-Istituto di Cristallografia (CNR-IC), Via Amendola, 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7741-1436","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CNR-Istituto di Cristallografia (CNR-IC), Via Amendola, 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166808"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002943324","display_name":"Cinzia Giannini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0983-2885","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0983-2885"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166808","display_name":"Institute of Crystallography","ror":"https://ror.org/05wba8r86","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155236","https://openalex.org/I4210166808"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cinzia Giannini","raw_affiliation_strings":["CNR-Istituto di Cristallografia (CNR-IC), Via Amendola, 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0983-2885","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CNR-Istituto di Cristallografia (CNR-IC), Via Amendola, 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166808"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086616583","display_name":"Maria Lucia Curri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0261-8379","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0261-8379"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maria Lucia Curri","raw_affiliation_strings":["CNR-Istituto per i Processi Chimico Fisici (CNR-IPCF), Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CNR-Istituto per i Processi Chimico Fisici (CNR-IPCF), Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008977113","display_name":"Marinella Striccoli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5366-691X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5366-691X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5561750","display_name":"University of Bari Aldo Moro","ror":"https://ror.org/027ynra39","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5561750"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Marinella Striccoli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dipartimento di Chimica, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5366-691X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dipartimento di Chimica, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5561750"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5008977113","https://openalex.org/A5056379913"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5561750"],"apc_list":{"value":2700,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3258},"apc_paid":{"value":2700,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3258},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"31","issue":"19","first_page":"3460","last_page":"3460"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11128","display_name":"Transition Metal Oxide Nanomaterials","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2504","display_name":"Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11128","display_name":"Transition Metal Oxide Nanomaterials","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2504","display_name":"Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11708","display_name":"Photochromic and Fluorescence Chemistry","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2505","display_name":"Materials Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13217","display_name":"Pigment Synthesis and Properties","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1604","display_name":"Inorganic Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tungsten-oxide-nanoparticles","display_name":"tungsten oxide nanoparticles","score":0.9580000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photochromism","display_name":"photochromism","score":0.9390000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phase-engineering","display_name":"phase engineering","score":0.6800000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hexagonal-wo3","display_name":"hexagonal WO3","score":0.7649999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sol-gel-precipitation","display_name":"sol-gel precipitation","score":0.6420000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reaction-temperature","display_name":"reaction temperature","score":0.7059999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acid-content","display_name":"acid content","score":0.9210000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/proton-intercalation","display_name":"proton intercalation","score":0.8479999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-band-gap","display_name":"optical band gap","score":0.7059999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photochromic-coatings","display_name":"photochromic coatings","score":0.7929999828338623}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81180622","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899324","display_name":"Photochromism","level":2,"score":0.9502000212669373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37243968","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q648961","display_name":"Orthorhombic crystal system","level":3,"score":0.7835999727249146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.7439000010490417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155672457","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q61231","display_name":"Nanoparticle","level":2,"score":0.6105999946594238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780134926","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5748761","display_name":"Hexagonal phase","level":3,"score":0.5103999972343445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92880739","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2639556","display_name":"Nanocomposite","level":2,"score":0.4894999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42360764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83588","display_name":"Chemical engineering","level":1,"score":0.48730000853538513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44280652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104837","display_name":"Phase (matter)","level":2,"score":0.47859999537467957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194365794","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899581","display_name":"Thermochromism","level":2,"score":0.3984000086784363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171250308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468","display_name":"Nanotechnology","level":1,"score":0.37940001487731934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107054158","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25257","display_name":"Precipitation","level":2,"score":0.35850000381469727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779851234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50690","display_name":"Oxide","level":2,"score":0.3521000146865845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75473681","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188651","display_name":"Photochemistry","level":1,"score":0.32260000705718994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30080830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q169917","display_name":"Graphene","level":2,"score":0.31679999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C512968161","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q556","display_name":"Hydrogen","level":2,"score":0.29420000314712524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126661725","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q903420","display_name":"Isomerization","level":3,"score":0.2587999999523163}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/molecules31193460","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31193460","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31193460","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S108911230","display_name":"Molecules","issn_l":"1420-3049","issn":["1420-3049","1433-1373"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","medline","poland-140","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Molecules","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13666272","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13666272/","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13666272/pdf/","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Molecules","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:42883226","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42883226","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:7c57651b69c241da974cc7da94333fe8","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/7c57651b69c241da974cc7da94333fe8","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Molecules, Vol 31, Iss 19, p 3460 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/molecules31193460","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31193460","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31193460","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S108911230","display_name":"Molecules","issn_l":"1420-3049","issn":["1420-3049","1433-1373"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","medline","poland-140","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Molecules","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4807752964","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PE0000021","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5053937023","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PE0000021","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F7311471023","funder_display_name":"NextGenerationEU"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6341469117","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"11.10.2022","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F7311471023","funder_display_name":"NextGenerationEU"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6360694085","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"11.10.","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F7311471023","funder_display_name":"NextGenerationEU"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F7311471023","display_name":"NextGenerationEU","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7214643286.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7214643286.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":46,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1637896431","https://openalex.org/W1964472979","https://openalex.org/W1995563336","https://openalex.org/W2043976561","https://openalex.org/W2045779126","https://openalex.org/W2049035670","https://openalex.org/W2141317958","https://openalex.org/W2148201783","https://openalex.org/W2150968247","https://openalex.org/W2160989364","https://openalex.org/W2257456099","https://openalex.org/W2328345376","https://openalex.org/W2395653284","https://openalex.org/W2460191109","https://openalex.org/W2573732294","https://openalex.org/W2586099395","https://openalex.org/W2769232312","https://openalex.org/W2909405664","https://openalex.org/W2944906172","https://openalex.org/W2971038071","https://openalex.org/W2971642793","https://openalex.org/W2996915856","https://openalex.org/W3126046786","https://openalex.org/W3194606641","https://openalex.org/W3200740394","https://openalex.org/W4221105692","https://openalex.org/W4224224838","https://openalex.org/W4286602880","https://openalex.org/W4298127385","https://openalex.org/W4308784240","https://openalex.org/W4385265882","https://openalex.org/W4388071714","https://openalex.org/W4389793125","https://openalex.org/W4396889544","https://openalex.org/W4397044857","https://openalex.org/W4399515088","https://openalex.org/W4400201255","https://openalex.org/W4403507062","https://openalex.org/W4404812204","https://openalex.org/W4410788305","https://openalex.org/W4411989649","https://openalex.org/W4414124497","https://openalex.org/W4414434002","https://openalex.org/W7126371204","https://openalex.org/W7130605014","https://openalex.org/W7138916949"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2982987526","https://openalex.org/W4285489802","https://openalex.org/W2089186294","https://openalex.org/W4396889544","https://openalex.org/W4385541537","https://openalex.org/W2073077157","https://openalex.org/W2799363348","https://openalex.org/W1968797429","https://openalex.org/W2208757653","https://openalex.org/W3000060449"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Tungsten":[0],"oxide":[1],"(WO3)":[2],"is":[3,194],"an":[4,89],"attractive":[5],"phase-sensitive":[6],"chromogenic":[7],"material":[8],"whose":[9],"photoinduced":[10],"optical":[11,20,61,93],"response":[12],"produces":[13],"reversible":[14],"coloration":[15],"of":[16,96,116,180],"interest":[17],"light":[18],"responsive":[19],"devices.":[21],"Here,":[22],"WO3":[23,83,118,202],"nanoparticles":[24],"(NPs)":[25],"are":[26,85],"synthesized":[27],"via":[28],"a":[29,47,106,214],"simple":[30],"surfactant-free":[31],"sol\u2013gel":[32],"precipitation":[33],"route":[34,216],"by":[35,65,88,168],"systematically":[36],"varying":[37,74],"acid":[38,76],"content":[39],"and":[40,55,60,73,81,100,123,185,220],"reaction":[41,140,192],"temperature":[42,111,193],"then":[43],"characterized":[44,87],"to":[45,133,157,161],"establish":[46],"correlation":[48],"among":[49],"synthesis":[50],"conditions,":[51],"crystalline":[52,128,203],"phase":[53,204],"morphology":[54],"photochromic":[56,150,188,208,222],"response.":[57,189],"Morphological,":[58],"structural":[59],"characterizations":[62],"show":[63],"that":[64,183,205],"gradually":[66],"heating":[67],"the":[68,75,110,114,139,153,169,178,187,191,197],"precursors":[69],"at":[70],"90":[71],"\u00b0C":[72],"content,":[77],"predominantly":[78],"sheet-like":[79],"orthorhombic":[80,154],"hydrated-orthorhombic":[82],"NPs":[84,119],"yielded,":[86],"intense":[90],"yellow":[91],"color,":[92],"band-gap":[94],"values":[95],"approximately":[97],"2.4":[98],"eV,":[99],"negligible":[101],"photochromism.":[102],"In":[103],"contrast,":[104],"in":[105],"highly":[107],"acidic":[108],"environment.":[109],"tuning":[112],"promotes":[113],"formation":[115],"rod-like":[117],"with":[120],"whitish":[121],"color":[122],"higher":[124,149],"band":[125],"gap.":[126],"The":[127,173],"structures":[129],"change":[130],"from":[131],"hexagonal":[132,134,170],"hydrogen":[135],"bronze":[136],"phase,":[137,155],"decreasing":[138],"temperature.":[141],"Under":[142],"UV":[143],"irradiation,":[144],"these":[145],"samples":[146],"exhibit":[147],"markedly":[148],"efficiency":[151],"than":[152],"up":[156],"18-fold":[158],"higher,":[159],"due":[160],"more":[162],"accessible":[163],"proton":[164],"intercalation":[165],"pathways":[166],"offered":[167],"tunnel":[171],"structure.":[172],"incorporation":[174],"into":[175],"poly(vinylpyrrolidone)":[176],"allows":[177],"production":[179],"nanocomposite":[181],"films":[182],"preserve":[184],"enhance":[186],"Overall,":[190],"identified":[195],"as":[196],"key":[198],"synthetic":[199],"parameter":[200],"controlling":[201],"consequently":[206],"affects":[207],"behaviors,":[209],"while":[210],"polymer":[211],"integration":[212],"provides":[213],"practical":[215],"toward":[217],"processable,":[218],"flexible,":[219],"device-compatible":[221],"coatings.":[223]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-12T12:28:57.059296","created_date":"2026-09-29T00:00:00"}
