{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7214643282","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10997315/v1","title":"Divergent systemic and airway mucosal adaptive immunity to SARS-CoV-2 in African adults","display_name":"Divergent systemic and airway mucosal adaptive immunity to SARS-CoV-2 in African adults","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-09-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7214643282","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10997315/v1"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-10997315/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10997315/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10997315/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-10997315/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-10997315/latest.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5120803696","display_name":"Gloria Kapira","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-4489-8287","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0000-4489-8287"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799451200","display_name":"Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme","ror":"https://ror.org/03tebt685","country_code":"MW","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157591606","https://openalex.org/I2799451200","https://openalex.org/I87048295"]}],"countries":["MW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gloria Kapira","raw_affiliation_strings":["Malawi-Liverpool Wellcome Research Programme"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-4489-8287","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Malawi-Liverpool Wellcome Research Programme","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799451200"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102542550","display_name":"Joseph Phiri","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799451200","display_name":"Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme","ror":"https://ror.org/03tebt685","country_code":"MW","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157591606","https://openalex.org/I2799451200","https://openalex.org/I87048295"]}],"countries":["MW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joseph Phiri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Malawi-Liverpool Wellcome Research Programme"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Malawi-Liverpool Wellcome Research Programme","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799451200"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5153318167","display_name":"Robert Nyirenda","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799451200","display_name":"Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme","ror":"https://ror.org/03tebt685","country_code":"MW","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157591606","https://openalex.org/I2799451200","https://openalex.org/I87048295"]}],"countries":["MW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert Nyirenda","raw_affiliation_strings":["Malawi-Liverpool Wellcome Research Programme"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Malawi-Liverpool Wellcome Research Programme","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799451200"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081829734","display_name":"Memory Mvula","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799451200","display_name":"Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme","ror":"https://ror.org/03tebt685","country_code":"MW","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157591606","https://openalex.org/I2799451200","https://openalex.org/I87048295"]}],"countries":["MW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Memory Mvula","raw_affiliation_strings":["Malawi-Liverpool Wellcome Research Programme"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Malawi-Liverpool Wellcome Research Programme","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799451200"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5096227957","display_name":"Edwin Lisimba","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799451200","display_name":"Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme","ror":"https://ror.org/03tebt685","country_code":"MW","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157591606","https://openalex.org/I2799451200","https://openalex.org/I87048295"]}],"countries":["MW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Edwin Lisimba","raw_affiliation_strings":["Malawi-Liverpool Wellcome Research Programme"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Malawi-Liverpool Wellcome Research Programme","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799451200"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135083423","display_name":"Austine Kumwenda","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799451200","display_name":"Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme","ror":"https://ror.org/03tebt685","country_code":"MW","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157591606","https://openalex.org/I2799451200","https://openalex.org/I87048295"]}],"countries":["MW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Austine Kumwenda","raw_affiliation_strings":["Malawi-Liverpool Wellcome Research Programme"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Malawi-Liverpool Wellcome Research Programme","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799451200"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039199847","display_name":"Dorothy Kazembe","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799451200","display_name":"Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme","ror":"https://ror.org/03tebt685","country_code":"MW","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157591606","https://openalex.org/I2799451200","https://openalex.org/I87048295"]}],"countries":["MW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dorothy Kazembe","raw_affiliation_strings":["Malawi-Liverpool Wellcome Research Programme"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Malawi-Liverpool Wellcome Research Programme","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799451200"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5096197628","display_name":"Alice Kusakala","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799451200","display_name":"Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme","ror":"https://ror.org/03tebt685","country_code":"MW","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157591606","https://openalex.org/I2799451200","https://openalex.org/I87048295"]}],"countries":["MW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alice Kusakala","raw_affiliation_strings":["Malawi-Liverpool Wellcome Research Programme"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Malawi-Liverpool Wellcome Research Programme","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799451200"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054550657","display_name":"Anstead Kankwatira","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0898-1355","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0898-1355"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799451200","display_name":"Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme","ror":"https://ror.org/03tebt685","country_code":"MW","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157591606","https://openalex.org/I2799451200","https://openalex.org/I87048295"]}],"countries":["MW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anstead Kankwatira","raw_affiliation_strings":["Malawi-Liverpool Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Malawi-Liverpool Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799451200"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112010719","display_name":"Rose Malamba","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799451200","display_name":"Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme","ror":"https://ror.org/03tebt685","country_code":"MW","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157591606","https://openalex.org/I2799451200","https://openalex.org/I87048295"]}],"countries":["MW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rose Malamba","raw_affiliation_strings":["Malawi-Liverpool Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Malawi-Liverpool Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799451200"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031311509","display_name":"Lucy Cooper","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7153-5358","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7153-5358"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lucy Cooper","raw_affiliation_strings":["University College London"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University College London","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076899202","display_name":"Mariana O. Diniz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1961-0189","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1961-0189"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mariana Diniz","raw_affiliation_strings":["UCL"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"UCL","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041985876","display_name":"Elena Mitsi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7586-6050","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7586-6050"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","display_name":"University of Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/052gg0110","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elena Mitsi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Oxford University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7586-6050","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oxford University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085632483","display_name":"Mala K. Maini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6384-1462","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6384-1462"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mala Maini","raw_affiliation_strings":["UCL"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6384-1462","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"UCL","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041926196","display_name":"Daniela Mulari Ferreira","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0594-0902","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0594-0902"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","display_name":"University of Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/052gg0110","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniela Ferreira","raw_affiliation_strings":["Oxford University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0594-0902","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oxford University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077271516","display_name":"Rhona Mijumbi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5225-6831","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5225-6831"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799451200","display_name":"Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme","ror":"https://ror.org/03tebt685","country_code":"MW","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157591606","https://openalex.org/I2799451200","https://openalex.org/I87048295"]}],"countries":["MW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rhona Mijumbi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Malawi-Liverpool Wellcome Research Programme"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Malawi-Liverpool Wellcome Research Programme","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799451200"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046020662","display_name":"Henry Charles Mwandumba","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4470-3608","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4470-3608"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799451200","display_name":"Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme","ror":"https://ror.org/03tebt685","country_code":"MW","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157591606","https://openalex.org/I2799451200","https://openalex.org/I87048295"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87048295","display_name":"Wellcome Trust","ror":"https://ror.org/029chgv08","country_code":"GB","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87048295"]}],"countries":["GB","MW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Henry Mwandumba","raw_affiliation_strings":["Malawi Liverpool Wellcome Research Programme"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Malawi Liverpool Wellcome Research Programme","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799451200","https://openalex.org/I87048295"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069144137","display_name":"Kondwani Jambo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3195-2210","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3195-2210"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I194839184","display_name":"Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/03svjbs84","country_code":"GB","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194839184"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kondwani Jambo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3195-2210","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194839184"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10118","display_name":"SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10118","display_name":"SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10041","display_name":"COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10112","display_name":"HIV Research and Treatment","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2406","display_name":"Virology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/24","display_name":"Immunology and Microbiology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sars-cov-2","display_name":"SARS-CoV-2","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covid-19","display_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","score":0.9850000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/systemic-antibody-response","display_name":"systemic antibody response","score":0.6179999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anti-spike-igg-antibodies","display_name":"anti-spike IgG","score":0.8560000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/iga","display_name":"IgA","score":0.890999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bronchoalveolar-lavage","display_name":"bronchoalveolar lavage","score":0.972000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hiv","display_name":"HIV","score":0.6179999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antiretroviral-therapy","display_name":"antiretroviral therapy","score":0.9890000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cd4-t-cells","display_name":"CD4+ T cells","score":0.8840000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cd8-t-cells","display_name":"CD8+ T cells","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tissue-resident-t-cells","display_name":"tissue-resident T cells","score":0.8830000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variants-of-concern","display_name":"variants of concern","score":0.8180000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/upper-respiratory-tract-infection","display_name":"upper respiratory tract infection","score":0.5249999761581421}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203014093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101929","display_name":"Immunology","level":1,"score":0.8396000266075134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.7608000040054321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777961210","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q927148","display_name":"Bronchoalveolar lavage","level":3,"score":0.635200023651123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159654299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79460","display_name":"Antibody","level":2,"score":0.6302000284194946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193419808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1645075","display_name":"Acquired immune system","level":3,"score":0.5097000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780648854","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2745824","display_name":"Immunopathology","level":2,"score":0.49540001153945923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8891405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1059","display_name":"Immune system","level":2,"score":0.49079999327659607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779341262","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182581","display_name":"Immunity","level":3,"score":0.4756999909877777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776548049","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1142875","display_name":"Humoral immunity","level":3,"score":0.4634000062942505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105922876","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423981","display_name":"Airway","level":2,"score":0.4593000113964081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777714996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7886","display_name":"Lung","level":2,"score":0.4481000006198883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.43790000677108765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778719978","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6931261","display_name":"Mucosal immunology","level":4,"score":0.36739999055862427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017875465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189146","display_name":"Cellular immunity","level":3,"score":0.31439998745918274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3013748606","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15787","display_name":"Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)","level":2,"score":0.3068000078201294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778674544","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414805","display_name":"Systemic disease","level":3,"score":0.30399999022483826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.3012000024318695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777543607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1153419","display_name":"Interstitial lung disease","level":3,"score":0.29809999465942383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779890267","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1219805","display_name":"Mucous membrane","level":2,"score":0.2815000116825104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776178081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3286546","display_name":"Respiratory disease","level":3,"score":0.2800999879837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777607303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q641307","display_name":"Immunodeficiency","level":3,"score":0.257099986076355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780898057","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79448","display_name":"Immunoglobulin G","level":3,"score":0.2551000118255615}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-10997315/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10997315/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10997315/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-10997315/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-10997315/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10997315/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10997315/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-10997315/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":1.0,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7214643282.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7214643282.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4392818366","https://openalex.org/W3205221212","https://openalex.org/W4312634117","https://openalex.org/W7163197863","https://openalex.org/W4389138026","https://openalex.org/W3196745706","https://openalex.org/W4310950595","https://openalex.org/W3171975422","https://openalex.org/W4391707583","https://openalex.org/W3197511077"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Systemic":[1],"antibody":[2,139],"responses":[3,140],"are":[4],"more":[5,65],"strongly":[6,66],"associated":[7],"with":[8,17,57,67,70,120,143],"protection":[9,18,144],"against":[10,19,145],"severe":[11],"COVID-19":[12],"in":[13,22,49,91,111,125],"the":[14,23,28],"lung":[15,146],"than":[16,69],"SARS-CoV-2":[20],"infection":[21],"upper":[24],"airway.":[25],"To":[26],"define":[27],"immunological":[29,134],"basis":[30,135],"of":[31,38,75],"this":[32,94],"divergence,":[33],"we":[34],"performed":[35],"contemporaneous":[36],"sampling":[37],"blood,":[39],"nasal":[40,151],"lining":[41],"fluid":[42,48],"(NLF),":[43],"and":[44,52,77,93,105,116],"bronchoalveolar":[45],"lavage":[46],"(BAL)":[47],"HIV-uninfected":[50],"adults":[51],"antiretroviral":[53],"therapy":[54],"(ART)-treated":[55],"people":[56],"HIV":[58,82],"(PWH).":[59],"Serum":[60],"spike-specific":[61],"IgG":[62],"antibodies":[63],"correlated":[64],"BAL":[68],"NLF":[71],"across":[72],"multiple":[73],"variants":[74],"concern":[76],"were":[78,109],"not":[79,96,118],"confounded":[80],"by":[81,98],"status.":[83],"In":[84],"contrast,":[85],"IgA":[86],"drove":[87],"ACE2\u2013spike":[88],"inhibition":[89],"activity":[90],"NLF,":[92],"was":[95],"predicted":[97],"systemic":[99,138],"or":[100],"LRT":[101],"antibodies.":[102],"SARS-CoV-2\u2013specific":[103],"CD4\u207a":[104],"CD8\u207a":[106],"T":[107,122],"cells":[108],"enriched":[110],"BAL,":[112],"exhibited":[113],"tissue-resident":[114],"phenotypes,":[115],"did":[117],"correlate":[119,142],"circulating":[121],"cells,":[123],"even":[124],"ART-treated":[126],"PWH.":[127],"Together,":[128],"these":[129],"findings":[130],"could":[131],"provide":[132],"an":[133],"for":[136],"why":[137],"reliably":[141],"disease":[147],"but":[148],"poorly":[149],"predict":[150],"immunity.":[152]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-09T13:22:03.289127","created_date":"2026-09-29T00:00:00"}