{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7214640126","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.22.753545","title":"Individual Differences in Neural Decoding Are Stable but Instrument Dependent","display_name":"Individual Differences in Neural Decoding Are Stable but Instrument Dependent","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-09-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7214640126","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.22.753545"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.09.22.753545","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.22.753545","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.22.753545","pdf_url":"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2026/09/28/2026.09.22.753545.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402567","display_name":"bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2750212522","host_organization_name":"Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2750212522"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"bioRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2026/09/28/2026.09.22.753545.full.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5153349347","display_name":"Mohammad Amin Miri","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I113281461","display_name":"Bishop's University","ror":"https://ror.org/051prj435","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I113281461"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammed Amin Miri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Bishop\u2019s University, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Bishop\u2019s University, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I113281461"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119296191","display_name":"Sara Bonyadian","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I113281461","display_name":"Bishop's University","ror":"https://ror.org/051prj435","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I113281461"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sara Bonyadian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Bishop\u2019s University, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Bishop\u2019s University, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I113281461"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053495468","display_name":"Rachid Hedjam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9065-9591","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9065-9591"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I113281461","display_name":"Bishop's University","ror":"https://ror.org/051prj435","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I113281461"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rachid Hedjam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Bishop\u2019s University, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Bishop\u2019s University, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I113281461"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023932665","display_name":"Russell Butler","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5089-0185","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5089-0185"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I113281461","display_name":"Bishop's University","ror":"https://ror.org/051prj435","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I113281461"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Russell Butler","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Bishop\u2019s University, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Bishop\u2019s University, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I113281461"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5023932665"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I113281461"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.426800012588501,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.426800012588501,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10427","display_name":"Visual perception and processing mechanisms","score":0.35420000553131104,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10581","display_name":"Neural dynamics and brain function","score":0.06669999659061432,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neural-decoding","display_name":"neural decoding","score":0.7850000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/individual-differences","display_name":"individual differences","score":0.8889999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/instrument-intercomparison","display_name":"instrument comparison","score":0.48500001430511475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electroencephalography","display_name":"EEG","score":0.5920000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meg","display_name":"MEG","score":0.9869999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intracranial-eeg","display_name":"intracranial EEG","score":0.9900000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fmri","display_name":"functional MRI","score":0.9890000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/planar-gradiometer","display_name":"planar gradiometer","score":0.8349999785423279}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57273362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q576722","display_name":"Decoding methods","level":2,"score":0.7752000093460083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779918689","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3771842","display_name":"Stimulus (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.7005000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.4372999966144562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.40639999508857727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.38280001282691956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548259974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q569965","display_name":"Audiology","level":1,"score":0.3788999915122986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C522805319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179965","display_name":"Electroencephalography","level":2,"score":0.35510000586509705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40743351","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7002049","display_name":"Neural decoding","level":3,"score":0.34869998693466187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185263204","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1154774","display_name":"Electrophysiology","level":2,"score":0.3345000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.3125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3124000132083893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99476002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42297","display_name":"Analysis of variance","level":2,"score":0.30880001187324524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3077999949455261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178253425","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162668","display_name":"Visual perception","level":3,"score":0.30469998717308044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46312422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11024","display_name":"Communication","level":1,"score":0.3041999936103821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.2757999897003174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908832724","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187600","display_name":"Photic Stimulation","level":4,"score":0.27239999175071716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50231774","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q639842","display_name":"Brain mapping","level":2,"score":0.26980000734329224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192769605","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1418914","display_name":"Vigilance (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.2623000144958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.25859999656677246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196083921","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7915758","display_name":"Variance (accounting)","level":2,"score":0.25699999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776502983","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q690182","display_name":"Contrast (vision)","level":2,"score":0.2556000053882599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986089797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6501338","display_name":"Visual attention","level":3,"score":0.2549999952316284}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.09.22.753545","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.22.753545","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.22.753545","pdf_url":"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2026/09/28/2026.09.22.753545.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402567","display_name":"bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2750212522","host_organization_name":"Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2750212522"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"bioRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.09.22.753545","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.22.753545","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.22.753545","pdf_url":"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2026/09/28/2026.09.22.753545.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402567","display_name":"bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2750212522","host_organization_name":"Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2750212522"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"bioRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7214640126.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7214640126.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1964625711","https://openalex.org/W1973776237","https://openalex.org/W1986387796","https://openalex.org/W2005238835","https://openalex.org/W2007226897","https://openalex.org/W2048857243","https://openalex.org/W2097267381","https://openalex.org/W2113263226","https://openalex.org/W2114977008","https://openalex.org/W2117406337","https://openalex.org/W2121597632","https://openalex.org/W2126810579","https://openalex.org/W2140079265","https://openalex.org/W2560079766","https://openalex.org/W2562007434","https://openalex.org/W2609102962","https://openalex.org/W2771875971","https://openalex.org/W2921105853","https://openalex.org/W2933996413","https://openalex.org/W2950397252","https://openalex.org/W2957612371","https://openalex.org/W2963341661","https://openalex.org/W2984542711","https://openalex.org/W4200613736","https://openalex.org/W4309409002","https://openalex.org/W4322494696","https://openalex.org/W4391160633","https://openalex.org/W4410019332","https://openalex.org/W4410631980"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7123347345","https://openalex.org/W7125395840","https://openalex.org/W4416720553","https://openalex.org/W1555357977","https://openalex.org/W2751076634","https://openalex.org/W3197434619","https://openalex.org/W2937279105","https://openalex.org/W2308114248","https://openalex.org/W2119291531","https://openalex.org/W4405783359"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Some":[1],"participants":[2,96,189],"are":[3],"consistently":[4],"easier":[5,103],"to":[6,16,20,104,113,118,146],"decode":[7],"than":[8],"others.":[9],"We":[10,29],"asked":[11],"whether":[12],"this":[13],"difference":[14],"belongs":[15],"the":[17,21,25,68,114,130,143,147,172,174,199,202,204,208],"person":[18],"or":[19],"conditions":[22],"under":[23],"which":[24],"brain":[26],"is":[27],"measured.":[28],"compared":[30],"visual":[31,120],"decoding":[32,51,195],"in":[33,89,178,188],"EEG,":[34],"MEG,":[35],"intracranial":[36],"EEG":[37,126],"and":[38,44,56,84,127,132,139,207],"fMRI,":[39],"testing":[40],"classifiers":[41],"on":[42,171],"runs":[43],"stimulus":[45,182],"identities":[46],"excluded":[47],"from":[48],"training.":[49],"Within-instrument":[50],"was":[52,87,124],"reproducible.":[53],"Attention,":[54],"behavior":[55],"peripheral":[57],"signals":[58],"affected":[59],"recording":[60,217],"quality":[61],"but":[62,157],"did":[63,161],"not":[64,162],"explain":[65],"most":[66],"of":[67],"stable":[69],"differences":[70,196],"between":[71,201],"participants.":[72],"Anatomy":[73],"provided":[74,94],"one":[75,179],"explanation.":[76],"Source-to-sensor":[77],"distance":[78],"strongly":[79],"predicted":[80],"modeled":[81],"signal":[82],"gain,":[83],"its":[85],"effect":[86],"steepest":[88],"planar":[90],"gradiometers.":[91],"Intracranial":[92],"recordings":[93,151],"another:":[95],"with":[97,190],"sharper":[98],"local":[99],"category":[100,116,137],"selectivity":[101],"were":[102],"decode.":[105],"This":[106],"association":[107],"chiefly":[108,211],"reflected":[109],"a":[110,153,164,216],"smaller":[111],"response":[112],"nonpreferred":[115,133],"relative":[117],"overall":[119],"responsivity.":[121],"Cross-site":[122],"prediction":[123],"uneven.":[125],"MEG":[128,136],"expressed":[129],"preferred":[131],"responses":[134],"differently.":[135],"separation":[138],"task-aligned":[140],"variance":[141],"described":[142],"information":[144,215],"available":[145],"decoder.":[148],"Simultaneous":[149],"EEG\u2013MEG":[150],"contained":[152],"shared":[154],"participant":[155],"component,":[156],"external":[158],"paired":[159],"cohorts":[160],"yield":[163],"common":[165],"ordering":[166],"across":[167],"instruments.":[168],"Correspondence":[169],"depended":[170],"measure,":[173],"instrument":[175],"pair":[176],"and,":[177],"cohort,":[180],"participant-linked":[181],"sets.":[183],"Repeated":[184],"observations":[185],"improved":[186],"performance":[187],"weak":[191],"single-observation":[192],"decoding.":[193],"Stable":[194],"therefore":[197],"reflect":[198],"relation":[200],"individual,":[203],"represented":[205],"distinction":[206],"instrument.":[209],"They":[210],"determine":[212],"how":[213],"much":[214],"supplies":[218],"per":[219],"observation.":[220]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2026-09-29T00:00:00"}