{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7214599142","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2609.30662","title":"LLM Parkinsonism: Executive-Control Failure, Token-Inefficient Persistence, and an Uncertainty-Aware Global Executive Control Architecture for Autonomous Language-Model Agents","display_name":"LLM Parkinsonism: Executive-Control Failure, Token-Inefficient Persistence, and an Uncertainty-Aware Global Executive Control Architecture for Autonomous Language-Model Agents","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-09-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7214599142","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2609.30662"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2609.30662","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.30662","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2609.30662","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2609.30662","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002232295","display_name":"Dongsheng Xiao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1669-0021","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1669-0021"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165143802","display_name":"The University of Queensland","ror":"https://ror.org/00rqy9422","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165143802"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiao, Dongsheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Queensland Brain Institute , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Queensland , Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Queensland Brain Institute , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Queensland , Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165143802"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Wang, Zeyuan","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wang, Zeyuan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Security , Northwestern Polytechnical University , Xi'an , Shaanxi , China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Security , Northwestern Polytechnical University , Xi'an , Shaanxi , China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083455492","display_name":"Xuzhe Xia","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141945490","display_name":"University of British Columbia","ror":"https://ror.org/03rmrcq20","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165143802","display_name":"The University of Queensland","ror":"https://ror.org/00rqy9422","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165143802"]}],"countries":["AU","CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xia, Xuzhe","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , The University of British Columbia , Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada","Queensland Brain Institute , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Queensland , Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , The University of British Columbia , Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Queensland Brain Institute , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Queensland , Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165143802"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5153272491","display_name":"Bo Zhao","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhao, Bo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Neurointelligence Labs , Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Neurointelligence Labs , Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000332723","display_name":"Yankai Cao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9014-2552","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9014-2552"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141945490","display_name":"University of British Columbia","ror":"https://ror.org/03rmrcq20","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cao, Yankai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering , The University of British Columbia , Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering , The University of British Columbia , Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10906","display_name":"AI-based Problem Solving and Planning","score":0.8032000064849854,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10906","display_name":"AI-based Problem Solving and Planning","score":0.8032000064849854,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.09059999883174896,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13904","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence Applications","score":0.02979999966919422,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/llm-based-agents","display_name":"LLM agents","score":0.8130000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/executive-function","display_name":"executive function","score":0.8539999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stopping-criterion","display_name":"stopping rules","score":0.421999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/token-efficiency","display_name":"token efficiency","score":0.6729999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autonomous-agents","display_name":"autonomous agents","score":0.5249999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task-completion","display_name":"task completion","score":0.42399999499320984}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5404000282287598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39389867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380767","display_name":"Corporate governance","level":2,"score":0.44029998779296875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48145219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1335365","display_name":"Security token","level":2,"score":0.43650001287460327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100521375","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2015382","display_name":"Competence (human resources)","level":2,"score":0.41670000553131104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.40779998898506165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776034101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1509347","display_name":"Commission","level":2,"score":0.3801000118255615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781067378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17027399","display_name":"Interpretability","level":2,"score":0.3758000135421753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.3637000024318695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780791683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846785","display_name":"Action (physics)","level":2,"score":0.29760000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195094911","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14167904","display_name":"Process management","level":1,"score":0.2953000068664551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51234621","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2149495","display_name":"Testability","level":2,"score":0.29280000925064087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86251818","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816754","display_name":"Benchmarking","level":2,"score":0.28209999203681946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55439883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q360812","display_name":"Correctness","level":2,"score":0.2745000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.27149999141693115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.2590999901294708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206345919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20380951","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","level":2,"score":0.2590000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136810230","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188961","display_name":"Decentralization","level":2,"score":0.2551000118255615}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2609.30662","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.30662","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2609.30662","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2609.30662","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2609.30662","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2609.30662","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2609.30662","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.30662","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2609.30662","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7214599142.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7214599142.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Large":[0],"language":[1],"models":[2],"(LLMs)":[3],"can":[4],"plan,":[5],"use":[6,45,169],"tools,":[7],"write":[8],"code,":[9],"and":[10,39,88,138,175,195,224],"execute":[11],"long-horizon":[12],"workflows,":[13],"yet":[14],"strong":[15],"local":[16,134],"competence":[17],"does":[18],"not":[19,70],"guarantee":[20],"project-level":[21,113],"executive":[22],"control.":[23,114],"Agents":[24],"may":[25],"continue":[26],"acting":[27],"after":[28],"the":[29,67,92,155,182],"original":[30],"objective":[31],"is":[32,69],"satisfied,":[33],"producing":[34],"low-value":[35],"refinements,":[36],"repeated":[37],"verification,":[38],"repairs":[40],"to":[41,148,159,172,179,187],"self-created":[42],"complexity.":[43,199],"We":[44,64,96],"LLM":[46],"Parkinsonism":[47],"as":[48],"a":[49,116,121,125,132],"narrowly":[50],"defined,":[51],"non-clinical":[52],"metaphor":[53],"for":[54],"this":[55],"pattern":[56],"of":[57,154,219],"persistent":[58],"action":[59,110],"despite":[60],"diminishing":[61],"task-level":[62],"value.":[63],"argue":[65],"that":[66,108,146,160],"problem":[68],"explained":[71],"by":[72,80],"autoregressive":[73],"next-token":[74],"prediction":[75],"alone,":[76],"but":[77],"more":[78],"directly":[79],"concentrating":[81],"proposal":[82],"generation,":[83],"scope":[84],"interpretation,":[85],"progress":[86],"assessment,":[87],"stopping":[89],"authority":[90],"within":[91],"same":[93],"self-conditioned":[94],"loop.":[95],"therefore":[97],"introduce":[98],"Global":[99],"Executive":[100],"Control":[101],"(GEC)":[102],"v0.2,":[103],"an":[104,205],"uncertainty-aware":[105],"governance":[106,209,218],"architecture":[107],"separates":[109],"generation":[111],"from":[112,170,185],"In":[115],"24,000-episode":[117],"matched-candidate":[118],"benchmark":[119],"under":[120],"common":[122],"40,000-token":[123,183],"ceiling,":[124],"first-candidate":[126],"baseline":[127],"achieved":[128,136,140],"67.42%":[129],"hard-goal":[130],"success,":[131],"candidate-set":[133,143],"control":[135,144],"96.53%,":[137],"GEC":[139,162],"96.57%.":[141],"The":[142],"shows":[145],"access":[147],"multiple":[149],"candidate":[150],"actions":[151],"explains":[152],"most":[153],"success":[156,164],"gain;":[157],"relative":[158],"control,":[161],"preserved":[163],"while":[165,190,226],"reducing":[166,197],"mean":[167,177],"token":[168],"19,782":[171],"12,574":[173],"(36.4%)":[174],"restricted":[176],"tokens":[178,210],"completion":[180],"at":[181],"ceiling":[184],"16,136":[186],"13,114":[188],"(18.7%),":[189],"eliminating":[191],"measured":[192],"pre-completion":[193],"drift":[194],"sharply":[196],"gross":[198],"Governance-overhead":[200],"sensitivity":[201],"remained":[202],"favorable":[203],"through":[204],"additional":[206],"500":[207],"synthetic":[208],"per":[211],"cycle.":[212],"These":[213],"mechanistic":[214],"simulations":[215],"support":[216],"explicit":[217],"scope,":[220],"evidence,":[221],"resource":[222],"use,":[223],"stopping,":[225],"live-model":[227],"validation":[228],"remains":[229],"necessary.":[230]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-14T16:39:01.820549","created_date":"2026-09-29T00:00:00"}