{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7214588909","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.24.26363901","title":"Visualising large audiological data beyond the audiogram for auditory phenotyping","display_name":"Visualising large audiological data beyond the audiogram for auditory phenotyping","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-09-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7214588909","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.24.26363901"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.09.24.26363901","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.24.26363901","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.24.26363901","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3005729997","display_name":"medRxiv","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315909"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press"],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"medRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.24.26363901","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011347693","display_name":"Gerard Encina-Llamas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7928-7232","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7928-7232"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I115304662","display_name":"Universitat de Vic - Universitat Central de Catalunya","ror":"https://ror.org/006zjws59","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115304662"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802567020","display_name":"Copenhagen University Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/05bpbnx46","country_code":"DK","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802567020"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802709434","display_name":"Rigshospitalet","ror":"https://ror.org/03mchdq19","country_code":"DK","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802567020","https://openalex.org/I2802709434","https://openalex.org/I4210145385"]}],"countries":["DK","ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gerard Encina-Llamas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Catalan Hearing and Balance Sciences Group (CAEC), Institute for Research and Innovation in Life Sciences and Health in Central Catalonia (IRIS-CC), Vic, 08500, Catalonia - Spain","Copenhagen Hearing and Balance Centre, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery & Audiology, Rigshospitalet University Hospital, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark","Faculty of Medicine, University of Vic \u2013 Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), Vic, 08500, Catalonia - Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7928-7232","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Catalan Hearing and Balance Sciences Group (CAEC), Institute for Research and Innovation in Life Sciences and Health in Central Catalonia (IRIS-CC), Vic, 08500, Catalonia - Spain","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Copenhagen Hearing and Balance Centre, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery & Audiology, Rigshospitalet University Hospital, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802567020","https://openalex.org/I2802709434"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Vic \u2013 Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), Vic, 08500, Catalonia - Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I115304662"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027805781","display_name":"Erik Kj\u00e6rb\u00f8l","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802567020","display_name":"Copenhagen University Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/05bpbnx46","country_code":"DK","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802567020"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802709434","display_name":"Rigshospitalet","ror":"https://ror.org/03mchdq19","country_code":"DK","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802567020","https://openalex.org/I2802709434","https://openalex.org/I4210145385"]}],"countries":["DK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Erik Kj\u00e6rb\u00f8l","raw_affiliation_strings":["Copenhagen Hearing and Balance Centre, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery & Audiology, Rigshospitalet University Hospital, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Copenhagen Hearing and Balance Centre, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery & Audiology, Rigshospitalet University Hospital, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802567020","https://openalex.org/I2802709434"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089874298","display_name":"Abigail Anne Kressner","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4274-3948","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4274-3948"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802567020","display_name":"Copenhagen University Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/05bpbnx46","country_code":"DK","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802567020"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802709434","display_name":"Rigshospitalet","ror":"https://ror.org/03mchdq19","country_code":"DK","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802567020","https://openalex.org/I2802709434","https://openalex.org/I4210145385"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I96673099","display_name":"Technical University of Denmark","ror":"https://ror.org/04qtj9h94","country_code":"DK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I96673099"]}],"countries":["DK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abigail Anne Kressner","raw_affiliation_strings":["Copenhagen Hearing and Balance Centre, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery & Audiology, Rigshospitalet University Hospital, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark","Hearing Systems Section, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Kongens Lyngby, 2800, Denmark"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4274-3948","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Copenhagen Hearing and Balance Centre, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery & Audiology, Rigshospitalet University Hospital, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802567020","https://openalex.org/I2802709434"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hearing Systems Section, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Kongens Lyngby, 2800, Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96673099"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10334","display_name":"Hearing, Cochlea, Tinnitus, Genetics","score":0.6934000253677368,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2809","display_name":"Sensory Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10334","display_name":"Hearing, Cochlea, Tinnitus, Genetics","score":0.6934000253677368,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2809","display_name":"Sensory Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10283","display_name":"Hearing Loss and Rehabilitation","score":0.29829999804496765,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3616","display_name":"Speech and Hearing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10542","display_name":"Vestibular and auditory disorders","score":0.004000000189989805,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2808","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pure-tone-audiogram","display_name":"pure-tone audiogram","score":0.8550000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensorineural-hearing-loss","display_name":"sensorineural hearing loss","score":0.7929999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dimensionality-reduction","display_name":"dimensionality reduction","score":0.8109999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/umap","display_name":"UMAP","score":0.8600000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/principal-component-analysis","display_name":"principal component analysis","score":0.9800000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cochlear-damage","display_name":"cochlear damage","score":0.8159999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hearing-assessment","display_name":"hearing assessment","score":0.382999986410141}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17743292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q781050","display_name":"Audiogram","level":3,"score":0.9840999841690063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548259974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q569965","display_name":"Audiology","level":1,"score":0.5902000069618225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780493683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16035842","display_name":"Hearing loss","level":2,"score":0.5468999743461609},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.5058000087738037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.47920000553131104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777185736","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7265603","display_name":"QUIET","level":2,"score":0.3930000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158154518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310970","display_name":"Relevance (law)","level":2,"score":0.3779999911785126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780554537","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q758881","display_name":"Audiometry","level":3,"score":0.37400001287460327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109089402","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8188","display_name":"Syllable","level":2,"score":0.3614000082015991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3434000015258789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780607864","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q928697","display_name":"Sensorineural hearing loss","level":3,"score":0.3433000147342682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.3264000117778778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.2957000136375427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778572836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380933","display_name":"Space (punctuation)","level":2,"score":0.2842999994754791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58471807","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327120","display_name":"Receiver operating characteristic","level":2,"score":0.2831000089645386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90805587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10944557","display_name":"Word (group theory)","level":2,"score":0.27570000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.26910001039505005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777402240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6783436","display_name":"Masking (illustration)","level":2,"score":0.26759999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777443451","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q821413","display_name":"Auditory system","level":2,"score":0.2574999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94487597","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11101","display_name":"Sensory system","level":2,"score":0.257099986076355}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.09.24.26363901","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.24.26363901","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.24.26363901","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3005729997","display_name":"medRxiv","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315909"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press"],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"medRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.09.24.26363901","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.24.26363901","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.24.26363901","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3005729997","display_name":"medRxiv","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315909"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press"],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"medRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.46810001134872437}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1969636579","https://openalex.org/W1989335365","https://openalex.org/W2004847756","https://openalex.org/W2005642342","https://openalex.org/W2018993912","https://openalex.org/W2036441505","https://openalex.org/W2041063221","https://openalex.org/W2097498366","https://openalex.org/W2159233351","https://openalex.org/W2268695670","https://openalex.org/W2552082572","https://openalex.org/W2597304671","https://openalex.org/W2786672974","https://openalex.org/W2898933270","https://openalex.org/W3017202087","https://openalex.org/W3093225799","https://openalex.org/W3110264372","https://openalex.org/W3138936304","https://openalex.org/W3139712272","https://openalex.org/W3154158577","https://openalex.org/W4207045418","https://openalex.org/W4283326142","https://openalex.org/W4296094469","https://openalex.org/W4402903870","https://openalex.org/W4409647687","https://openalex.org/W4411928169","https://openalex.org/W7125965319","https://openalex.org/W7148116744","https://openalex.org/W7171365852"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3017202087","https://openalex.org/W4407956855","https://openalex.org/W2773210884","https://openalex.org/W4322769926","https://openalex.org/W4410650772","https://openalex.org/W7213295221","https://openalex.org/W2905445363","https://openalex.org/W4413741978","https://openalex.org/W7166811287","https://openalex.org/W2898933270"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"The":[1],"pure-tone":[2],"audiogram":[3,93,129,159],"remains":[4,56],"the":[5,16,28,63,92,113,128,141,158,163,179,184],"cornerstone":[6],"of":[7,15,19,91,140],"hearing":[8,233],"assessment,":[9],"yet":[10],"it":[11,177],"captures":[12],"only":[13],"part":[14],"functional":[17],"consequences":[18],"cochlear":[20],"damage.":[21],"Most":[22],"phenotyping":[23],"schemes":[24,152],"rely":[25],"solely":[26],"on":[27],"audiogram,":[29,114],"which":[30],"cannot":[31],"detect":[32],"hidden":[33],"suprathreshold":[34,122,230],"dysfunction":[35],"when":[36],"thresholds":[37,206],"are":[38,124],"normal.":[39],"How":[40],"best":[41],"to":[42],"represent":[43],"audiological":[44],"data":[45],"\u2014":[46,55,216,222],"as":[47,51,235,244],"discrete":[48,245],"phenotypes":[49],"or":[50,80],"a":[52,59,108,116,146,213,217,236,239],"continuous":[53,147,214,240],"space":[54,241],"unresolved.":[57],"Using":[58],"retrospective":[60],"database":[61],"from":[62,75],"Copenhagen":[64],"Hearing":[65,219],"and":[66,87,95,136,229],"Balance":[67],"Centre,":[68],"Rigshospitalet":[69],"(Denmark;":[70],"1995\u20132022;":[71],"251,986":[72],"ear-session":[73],"units":[74],"81,883":[76],"adults":[77],"with":[78,96,143,173,192,207,253],"normal":[79],"sensorineural":[81],"audiograms),":[82],"we":[83,105],"compared":[84],"linear":[85,109],"(PCA)":[86],"non-linear":[88,117],"(UMAP)":[89],"embeddings":[90],"alone":[94],"word":[97],"recognition":[98],"in":[99,238],"quiet":[100],"(WRS":[101],"max":[102,167,198,209],"-Q).":[103],"Here":[104],"show":[106],"that":[107,149],"embedding":[110],"suffices":[111],"for":[112,256],"but":[115,182,195],"one":[118],"becomes":[119],"advantageous":[120],"once":[121],"measures":[123],"added.":[125],"PCA":[126,180],"compressed":[127],"onto":[130],"two":[131],"interpretable":[132],"axes,":[133],"overall":[134],"level":[135],"slope,":[137],"explaining":[138],"91.5%":[139],"variance,":[142],"ears":[144,172,191],"forming":[145],"cloud":[148],"published":[150],"reference":[151],"tiled":[153],"into":[154],"overlapping":[155],"regions.":[156],"For":[157],"alone,":[160],"UMAP":[161,211],"recovered":[162],"same":[164],"organisation.":[165],"WRS":[166,197,208],"-Q":[168,199],"varied":[169],"widely":[170],"among":[171],"similar":[174],"audiograms;":[175],"adding":[176],"left":[178],"unchanged":[181],"reorganised":[183],"UMAP.":[185],"A":[186],"synthetic":[187],"experiment":[188],"illustrated":[189],"this:":[190],"identical":[193],"audiograms":[194],"different":[196],"separated":[200],"under":[201],"UMAP,":[202],"not":[203],"PCA.":[204],"Combining":[205],"-Q,":[210],"yielded":[212],"representation":[215],"prototype":[218],"Loss":[220],"Map":[221],"where":[223],"each":[224],"ear\u2019s":[225],"position":[226],"reflects":[227],"threshold":[228],"measures.":[231],"Representing":[232],"loss":[234],"location":[237],"rather":[242],"than":[243],"categories":[246],"may":[247],"better":[248],"reflect":[249],"its":[250],"graded":[251],"nature,":[252],"clinical":[254],"relevance":[255],"individual":[257],"patients.":[258]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-09T13:22:03.289127","created_date":"2026-09-29T00:00:00"}
