{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7214575637","doi":"https://doi.org/10.36547/ams.32.3.2315","title":"Valorization of titanium production waste for selective Fe\u2013Ti separation and concentrate production from titanomagnetite: response-surface optimization of chloride-assisted reduction roasting","display_name":"Valorization of titanium production waste for selective Fe\u2013Ti separation and concentrate production from titanomagnetite: response-surface optimization of chloride-assisted reduction roasting","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-09-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7214575637","doi":"https://doi.org/10.36547/ams.32.3.2315"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.36547/ams.32.3.2315","doi":"https://doi.org/10.36547/ams.32.3.2315","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.36547/ams.32.3.2315","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210174685","display_name":"Acta Metallurgica Slovaca","issn_l":"1335-1532","issn":["1335-1532","1338-1156"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","poland-20","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Acta Metallurgica Slovaca","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.36547/ams.32.3.2315","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016989937","display_name":"Galymzhan Maldybayev","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3592-5671","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3592-5671"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4388446395","display_name":"National Center on Complex Processing of Mineral Raw Materials of the Republic of Kazakhstan","ror":"https://ror.org/05ekffz43","country_code":"KZ","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4388446395"]}],"countries":["KZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Galymzhan Maldybayev","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Center on complex processing of mineral raw materials of the Republic of Kazakhstan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Center on complex processing of mineral raw materials of the Republic of Kazakhstan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4388446395"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111260646","display_name":"Argyn Korabayev","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1802-9165","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1802-9165"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I171571821","display_name":"Kazakh-British Technical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rn0fp76","country_code":"KZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I171571821"]}],"countries":["KZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Argyn Korabayev","raw_affiliation_strings":["Kazakh-British Technical University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kazakh-British Technical University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I171571821"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028767219","display_name":"Rustam Sharipov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1670-9914","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1670-9914"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I171571821","display_name":"Kazakh-British Technical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rn0fp76","country_code":"KZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I171571821"]}],"countries":["KZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rustam Sharipov","raw_affiliation_strings":["Kazakh-British Technical University,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kazakh-British Technical University,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I171571821"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5153213573","display_name":"Ingkar Temirgali","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4388446395","display_name":"National Center on Complex Processing of Mineral Raw Materials of the Republic of Kazakhstan","ror":"https://ror.org/05ekffz43","country_code":"KZ","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4388446395"]}],"countries":["KZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ingkar Temirgali","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Center on complex processing of mineral raw materials of the Republic of Kazakhstan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Center on complex processing of mineral raw materials of the Republic of Kazakhstan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4388446395"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5153209176","display_name":"Deniz Turan","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143396566","display_name":"F\u0131rat University","ror":"https://ror.org/05teb7b63","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143396566"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Deniz Turan","raw_affiliation_strings":["F\u0131rat University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"F\u0131rat University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143396566"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081949826","display_name":"Omirserik Baigenzhenov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5803-7680","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5803-7680"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Omirserik Baigenzhenov","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"32","issue":"3","first_page":"228","last_page":"240"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11837","display_name":"Iron and Steelmaking Processes","score":0.8535000085830688,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2506","display_name":"Metals and Alloys"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11837","display_name":"Iron and Steelmaking Processes","score":0.8535000085830688,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2506","display_name":"Metals and Alloys"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11091","display_name":"Extraction and Separation Processes","score":0.05510000139474869,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2506","display_name":"Metals and Alloys"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11126","display_name":"Metallurgical Processes and Thermodynamics","score":0.028200000524520874,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2506","display_name":"Metals and Alloys"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/titanomagnetite","display_name":"titanomagnetite","score":0.8820000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semi-coke","display_name":"semi-coke","score":0.8650000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/calcium-fluoride","display_name":"calcium fluoride","score":0.7440000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/response-surface-optimization","display_name":"response surface optimization","score":0.7110000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/titanium-recovery","display_name":"titanium recovery","score":0.46000000834465027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/iron-recovery","display_name":"iron recovery","score":0.8309999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/iron-metallization","display_name":"iron metallization","score":0.6370000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/waste-valorization","display_name":"waste valorization","score":0.7089999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mgtio3","display_name":"MgTiO3","score":0.6800000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rutile","display_name":"rutile","score":0.9350000023841858}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140327455","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1228460","display_name":"Roasting","level":2,"score":0.9203000068664551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138782731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2782134","display_name":"Beneficiation","level":2,"score":0.8531000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C506065880","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q716","display_name":"Titanium","level":2,"score":0.7678999900817871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191897082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11467","display_name":"Metallurgy","level":1,"score":0.7049999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777889555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q320603","display_name":"Rutile","level":2,"score":0.6299999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.6169999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206139338","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192355","display_name":"Raw material","level":2,"score":0.47189998626708984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779833257","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2663154","display_name":"Magnetic separation","level":2,"score":0.46639999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777581544","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844613","display_name":"Sintering","level":2,"score":0.4124000072479248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C544153396","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11426","display_name":"Metal","level":2,"score":0.4043999910354614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C543218039","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660","display_name":"Magnesium","level":2,"score":0.38580000400543213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71987851","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7216430","display_name":"Impurity","level":2,"score":0.35179999470710754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169222746","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4116558","display_name":"Factorial experiment","level":2,"score":0.3138999938964844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149629883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660926","display_name":"Fraction (chemistry)","level":2,"score":0.3100000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777569206","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7315837","display_name":"Resource recovery","level":3,"score":0.290800005197525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138411078","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q911272","display_name":"Electron microprobe","level":2,"score":0.28040000796318054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548081761","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180388","display_name":"Waste management","level":1,"score":0.26739999651908875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116628846","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899138","display_name":"Mass fraction","level":2,"score":0.2648000121116638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781224309","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732957","display_name":"Industrial waste","level":2,"score":0.2558000087738037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777593239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193521","display_name":"Titanium dioxide","level":2,"score":0.25519999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780856220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q417725","display_name":"Titanate","level":3,"score":0.2533999979496002}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.36547/ams.32.3.2315","doi":"https://doi.org/10.36547/ams.32.3.2315","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.36547/ams.32.3.2315","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210174685","display_name":"Acta Metallurgica Slovaca","issn_l":"1335-1532","issn":["1335-1532","1338-1156"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","poland-20","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Acta Metallurgica Slovaca","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.36547/ams.32.3.2315","doi":"https://doi.org/10.36547/ams.32.3.2315","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.36547/ams.32.3.2315","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210174685","display_name":"Acta Metallurgica Slovaca","issn_l":"1335-1532","issn":["1335-1532","1338-1156"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","poland-20","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Acta Metallurgica Slovaca","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/12","display_name":"Responsible consumption and production","score":1.0}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4410555831","https://openalex.org/W4205241871","https://openalex.org/W4289527973","https://openalex.org/W4200311146","https://openalex.org/W2743361351","https://openalex.org/W7199530651","https://openalex.org/W7116072422","https://openalex.org/W2607186795","https://openalex.org/W2186117661","https://openalex.org/W4408053972"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Titanium":[0],"production":[1,38,177],"wastes":[2],"represent":[3],"an":[4,182],"underutilized":[5],"secondary":[6],"resource":[7],"with":[8,134,160],"potential":[9],"value":[10],"as":[11,83,181],"functional":[12],"additives":[13],"in":[14,167],"metallurgical":[15,198],"processing.":[16],"This":[17],"study":[18],"investigates":[19],"the":[20,56,84,168],"chloride-assisted":[21],"reduction":[22],"roasting":[23,59,81],"of":[24,58,156,162],"high-titanium":[25],"titanomagnetite":[26,195],"concentrate":[27],"using":[28],"semi-coke,":[29,62,103],"spent":[30],"titanium":[31,37,146,176],"chlorinator":[32],"melt":[33],"(SMTC),":[34],"a":[35,90,112,123,138,191],"chloride-rich":[36,175],"waste,":[39],"and":[40,61,64,76,88,107,122,145,149,154,164,197],"CaF2":[41,65],"to":[42,54],"achieve":[43],"selective":[44,187],"Fe\u2013Ti":[45,188],"separation.":[46],"A":[47],"four-factor":[48],"Box\u2013Behnken":[49],"response-surface":[50],"design":[51],"was":[52],"applied":[53],"quantify":[55],"effects":[57],"temperature":[60,82],"SMTC,":[63,106],"dosages":[66],"on":[67],"Fe":[68,70,118],"grade,":[69,73],"recovery,":[71,75],"TiO2":[72,74,129],"iron":[77,143],"metallization.":[78],"RSM":[79],"identified":[80],"dominant":[85],"process":[86,184],"variable":[87],"delineated":[89],"broad":[91],"high-performance":[92],"region.":[93],"The":[94],"practically":[95],"optimal":[96],"conditions":[97],"were":[98],"1200":[99],"\u00b0C,":[100],"20":[101],"wt.%":[102,105,109,117,128],"30":[104],"4":[108],"CaF2,":[110],"yielding":[111],"magnetic":[113],"fraction":[114,125],"containing":[115,126],"91.24":[116],"at":[119,130],"91.94%":[120],"recovery":[121],"non-magnetic":[124,169],"62.78":[127],"96.04%":[131],"recovery.":[132],"Compared":[133],"NaCl,":[135],"SMTC":[136],"provided":[137],"substantially":[139],"better":[140],"balance":[141],"between":[142],"metallization":[144],"partitioning.":[147],"XRD":[148],"EPMA":[150],"revealed":[151],"extensive":[152],"formation":[153],"coalescence":[155],"metallic":[157],"\u03b1-Fe":[158],"together":[159],"enrichment":[161],"rutile":[163],"magnesium":[165],"titanate":[166],"product.":[170],"These":[171],"findings":[172],"demonstrate":[173],"that":[174],"waste":[178,199],"can":[179],"serve":[180],"effective":[183],"additive":[185],"for":[186,194],"separation,":[189],"providing":[190],"dual":[192],"pathway":[193],"beneficiation":[196],"valorization.":[200]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-28T10:33:24.094632","created_date":"2026-09-29T00:00:00"}
