{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7214558328","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.25.754226","title":"A comparison of female competitive traits: Female aggression peaks at nest building but female song spans multiple contexts in a temperate songbird","display_name":"A comparison of female competitive traits: Female aggression peaks at nest building but female song spans multiple contexts in a temperate songbird","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-09-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7214558328","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.25.754226"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.09.25.754226","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.25.754226","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.25.754226","pdf_url":"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2026/09/26/2026.09.25.754226.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402567","display_name":"bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2750212522","host_organization_name":"Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2750212522"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"bioRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2026/09/26/2026.09.25.754226.full.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061981708","display_name":"Molly G. Gleason","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134113660","display_name":"University of Nevada, Reno","ror":"https://ror.org/01keh0577","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134113660"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Molly G. Gleason","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biology, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, Nevada, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biology, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, Nevada, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134113660"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086576379","display_name":"Cara A. Krieg","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7944-2068","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7944-2068"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I124113063","display_name":"University of Scranton","ror":"https://ror.org/05xwb6v37","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124113063"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cara A. Krieg","raw_affiliation_strings":["Biology Department, The University of Scranton, Scranton, Pennsylvania, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biology Department, The University of Scranton, Scranton, Pennsylvania, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I124113063"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031515772","display_name":"Karan J. Odom","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9074-135X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9074-135X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119942576","display_name":"University of the Pacific","ror":"https://ror.org/05ma4gw77","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119942576"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Karan J. Odom","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, California, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, California, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119942576"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5061981708"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134113660"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11665","display_name":"Animal Vocal Communication and Behavior","score":0.7886000275611877,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1105","display_name":"Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11665","display_name":"Animal Vocal Communication and Behavior","score":0.7886000275611877,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1105","display_name":"Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10174","display_name":"Animal Behavior and Reproduction","score":0.20759999752044678,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1105","display_name":"Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10089","display_name":"Avian ecology and behavior","score":0.0034000000450760126,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/female-aggression","display_name":"female aggression","score":0.7429999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/female-song","display_name":"female song","score":0.9769999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/female-female-competition","display_name":"female-female competition","score":0.8080000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/troglodytes-aedon","display_name":"Troglodytes aedon","score":0.9919999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nest-building","display_name":"nest building","score":0.746999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intrasexual-competition","display_name":"intrasexual competition","score":0.6909999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/female-ornamentation","display_name":"women's adornment","score":0.6359999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/territorial-defense","display_name":"territorial defense","score":0.3840000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/breeding-stage","display_name":"breeding stage","score":0.5149999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cavity-nesting-birds","display_name":"cavity-nesting birds","score":0.5759999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/song-function","display_name":"song function","score":0.3449999988079071}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779448149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191797","display_name":"Aggression","level":2,"score":0.8575000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152630561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6997750","display_name":"Nest (protein structural motif)","level":2,"score":0.848800003528595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.6532999873161316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91306197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45767","display_name":"Competition (biology)","level":2,"score":0.6164000034332275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779600091","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194240","display_name":"Songbird","level":2,"score":0.5776000022888184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.560699999332428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117376503","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q751093","display_name":"Reproductive success","level":3,"score":0.41760000586509705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130981225","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q206913","display_name":"Sexual selection","level":2,"score":0.39149999618530273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187898756","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395324","display_name":"Agonistic behaviour","level":3,"score":0.37940001487731934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.35670000314712524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102874275","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2914623","display_name":"Seasonal breeder","level":2,"score":0.3434000015258789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993612469","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15946133","display_name":"Vocal communication","level":2,"score":0.34290000796318054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59726852","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1434121","display_name":"Animal communication","level":2,"score":0.32850000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59659247","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11990","display_name":"Reproduction","level":2,"score":0.3264000117778778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90856448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q431","display_name":"Zoology","level":1,"score":0.32030001282691956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90805937","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7703794","display_name":"Territoriality","level":2,"score":0.2978000044822693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81461190","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167466","display_name":"Temperate climate","level":2,"score":0.29649999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143095724","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q515895","display_name":"Odds","level":3,"score":0.2685999870300293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66698415","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1139127","display_name":"Life history theory","level":3,"score":0.2676999866962433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14145190","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3427332","display_name":"Cooperative breeding","level":2,"score":0.26109999418258667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76257803","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2914884","display_name":"Fledge","level":3,"score":0.25940001010894775}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.09.25.754226","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.25.754226","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.25.754226","pdf_url":"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2026/09/26/2026.09.25.754226.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402567","display_name":"bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2750212522","host_organization_name":"Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2750212522"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"bioRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.09.25.754226","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.25.754226","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.25.754226","pdf_url":"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2026/09/26/2026.09.25.754226.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402567","display_name":"bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2750212522","host_organization_name":"Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2750212522"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"bioRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7214558328.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7214558328.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":74,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W23025450","https://openalex.org/W1977320179","https://openalex.org/W1981227232","https://openalex.org/W1982416359","https://openalex.org/W1988687747","https://openalex.org/W1991022833","https://openalex.org/W1991485243","https://openalex.org/W1993346953","https://openalex.org/W1996073162","https://openalex.org/W1996820938","https://openalex.org/W2003645388","https://openalex.org/W2014066742","https://openalex.org/W2015404758","https://openalex.org/W2025403666","https://openalex.org/W2026663346","https://openalex.org/W2029970081","https://openalex.org/W2031377104","https://openalex.org/W2032107809","https://openalex.org/W2033899174","https://openalex.org/W2037415930","https://openalex.org/W2043170107","https://openalex.org/W2057220022","https://openalex.org/W2063907398","https://openalex.org/W2066990226","https://openalex.org/W2070630634","https://openalex.org/W2079372146","https://openalex.org/W2079494049","https://openalex.org/W2088771116","https://openalex.org/W2092285295","https://openalex.org/W2096244062","https://openalex.org/W2100911990","https://openalex.org/W2104819141","https://openalex.org/W2121689702","https://openalex.org/W2129223733","https://openalex.org/W2132831860","https://openalex.org/W2140801276","https://openalex.org/W2141530770","https://openalex.org/W2145271307","https://openalex.org/W2151442746","https://openalex.org/W2151969069","https://openalex.org/W2152054036","https://openalex.org/W2154986968","https://openalex.org/W2158268643","https://openalex.org/W2171722350","https://openalex.org/W2209010433","https://openalex.org/W2279928225","https://openalex.org/W2285537947","https://openalex.org/W2289241294","https://openalex.org/W2315421700","https://openalex.org/W2321517902","https://openalex.org/W2504288549","https://openalex.org/W2588701212","https://openalex.org/W2615186600","https://openalex.org/W2749069611","https://openalex.org/W2756955184","https://openalex.org/W2786358356","https://openalex.org/W2799718846","https://openalex.org/W2806803845","https://openalex.org/W2920804790","https://openalex.org/W2944634610","https://openalex.org/W2999033069","https://openalex.org/W3142091240","https://openalex.org/W3161237899","https://openalex.org/W3164803393","https://openalex.org/W3175133209","https://openalex.org/W4226207851","https://openalex.org/W4398785659","https://openalex.org/W4401672935","https://openalex.org/W4403621583","https://openalex.org/W4409251105","https://openalex.org/W4412514829","https://openalex.org/W4413099440","https://openalex.org/W4415032673","https://openalex.org/W7130530579"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2279928225","https://openalex.org/W2504580577","https://openalex.org/W7223184033","https://openalex.org/W6925247449","https://openalex.org/W2083248072","https://openalex.org/W3161237899","https://openalex.org/W4413764438","https://openalex.org/W1984193684","https://openalex.org/W4226110380","https://openalex.org/W1471118088"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Female\u2013female":[1],"competition":[2,239],"is":[3],"increasingly":[4],"recognized":[5],"as":[6,134,229],"a":[7,156,278],"key":[8],"driver":[9],"of":[10,43,66,155,232],"female":[11,57,67,98,128,234,253,275],"ornamentation,":[12],"including":[13],"birdsong,":[14],"which":[15,83],"often":[16],"functions":[17],"in":[18,47,53,73,194,247,263,277],"intrasexual":[19],"competition.":[20],"However,":[21],"the":[22,41,63,89,139,230],"specific":[23],"resources":[24,84,136],"females":[25,85,284],"use":[26,42,286],"elaborate":[27],"traits":[28,46,55],"to":[29,81,164,261,291],"compete":[30,86],"for":[31,87,187,271],"remain":[32],"unclear.":[33],"In":[34,251],"addition,":[35],"few":[36],"studies":[37],"have":[38],"simultaneously":[39],"investigated":[40,62],"multiple":[44,188,264],"competitive":[45,64,265],"females,":[48],"despite":[49],"growing":[50],"independent":[51],"interest":[52],"these":[54,224],"(e.g.,":[56],"song":[58,99,129,167,254,290],"and":[59,70,109,116,120,130,190,204,243,259,273,281,289],"aggression).":[60],"We":[61,92,125],"contexts":[65],"song,":[68],"aggression":[69,132,210,221],"calling":[71],"behavior":[72],"northern":[74],"house":[75],"wrens":[76],"(":[77],"Troglodytes":[78],"aedon":[79],")":[80],"determine":[82],"across":[88,138,171,256,295],"breeding":[90,102,117,140,205,245,296],"season.":[91],"simulated":[93],"conspecific":[94],"territorial":[95],"intrusions":[96],"using":[97],"at":[100],"three":[101],"stages":[103,173,258],"representing":[104],"different":[105],"contexts:":[106],"arrival":[107],"(mate":[108],"territory":[110],"acquisition),":[111],"nest":[112,148,161,215,227,241],"building":[113,162,228],"(nest":[114],"site":[115],"status":[118,246],"defense),":[119],"egg":[121,177],"laying":[122],"(brood":[123],"defense).":[124],"tested":[126],"whether":[127],"physical":[131,220],"varied":[133,192,200],"reproductive":[135],"shifted":[137],"cycle.":[141],"Females":[142],"were":[143],"significantly":[144],"more":[145],"aggressive":[146,158],"during":[147,160,176,214],"building,":[149,216],"showing":[150],"5.8":[151],"times":[152],"greater":[153],"odds":[154],"higher-intensity":[157],"response":[159],"compared":[163],"arrival.":[165],"Female":[166],"output":[168],"was":[169,181],"similar":[170],"early":[172],"but":[174],"declined":[175],"laying,":[178],"though":[179],"this":[180,248],"not":[182],"statistically":[183],"significant":[184],"after":[185],"correction":[186],"comparisons":[189],"individuals":[191],"substantially":[193],"overall":[195],"singing":[196],"propensity.":[197],"Non-song":[198],"vocalizations":[199],"by":[201],"call":[202],"type":[203],"stage.":[206],"Calls":[207],"associated":[208,244],"with":[209,218,237],"occurred":[211,255],"most":[212],"frequently":[213],"consistent":[217,236],"peak":[219],"responses.":[222],"Together,":[223],"results":[225],"identify":[226],"stage":[231],"highest":[233],"aggression,":[235,287],"heightened":[238],"over":[240],"cavities":[242],"cavity-nesting":[249],"species.":[250],"contrast,":[252],"all":[257],"appears":[260],"function":[262],"contexts.":[266,297],"This":[267],"study":[268],"provides":[269],"evidence":[270],"context":[272],"mode-specific":[274],"signaling":[276],"temperate":[279],"songbird":[280],"highlights":[282],"that":[283],"strategically":[285],"calls,":[288],"mediate":[292],"social":[293],"conflict":[294]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-09T13:22:03.289127","created_date":"2026-09-28T00:00:00"}