{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7214527294","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1934232","title":"Specific learning disorders and underlying processes: can WISC-IV subtests predict SLD neurocognitive profiles in Italian children aged 7\u201314 years?","display_name":"Specific learning disorders and underlying processes: can WISC-IV subtests predict SLD neurocognitive profiles in Italian children aged 7\u201314 years?","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-09-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7214527294","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1934232","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42865527","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/13654778"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1934232","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1934232","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1934232","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychology/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1934232/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S9692511","display_name":"Frontiers in Psychology","issn_l":"1664-1078","issn":["1664-1078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","erih-plus","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Psychology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychology/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1934232/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040266882","display_name":"Micaela Capobianco","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3479-8423","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3479-8423"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210124295","display_name":"University Niccol\u00f2 Cusano","ror":"https://ror.org/032c3ae16","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210124295"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Micaela Capobianco","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Economic, Psychological, Communication, Education and Motor Sciences, Telematic University \u201cNiccolo Cusano\u201d"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Economic, Psychological, Communication, Education and Motor Sciences, Telematic University \u201cNiccolo Cusano\u201d","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210124295"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5153165120","display_name":"Miriam Faccio","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Miriam Faccio","raw_affiliation_strings":["\"Bimbo Al Centro ETS\" Clinical Center"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"\"Bimbo Al Centro ETS\" Clinical Center","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5153102330","display_name":"Carla Giammarco","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210124295","display_name":"University Niccol\u00f2 Cusano","ror":"https://ror.org/032c3ae16","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210124295"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Carla Giammarco","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Economic, Psychological, Communication, Education and Motor Sciences, Telematic University \u201cNiccolo Cusano\u201d"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Economic, Psychological, Communication, Education and Motor Sciences, Telematic University \u201cNiccolo Cusano\u201d","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210124295"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5153099274","display_name":"Dario Camplone","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27897274","display_name":"Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0","ror":"https://ror.org/02hssy432","country_code":"IT","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27897274"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dario Camplone","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Italian National Institute of Health (ISS)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Italian National Institute of Health (ISS)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27897274"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074270662","display_name":"Walter Adriani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0067-4430","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0067-4430"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27897274","display_name":"Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0","ror":"https://ror.org/02hssy432","country_code":"IT","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27897274"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210124295","display_name":"University Niccol\u00f2 Cusano","ror":"https://ror.org/032c3ae16","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210124295"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Walter Adriani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Italian National Institute of Health (ISS)","Department of Economic, Psychological, Communication, Education and Motor Sciences, Telematic University \u201cNiccolo Cusano\u201d"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Italian National Institute of Health (ISS)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27897274"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Economic, Psychological, Communication, Education and Motor Sciences, Telematic University \u201cNiccolo Cusano\u201d","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210124295"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5074270662"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27897274","https://openalex.org/I4210124295"],"apc_list":{"value":3150,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3801},"apc_paid":{"value":3150,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3801},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.7335924,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":null,"first_page":"1934232","last_page":"1934232"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14104","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology","score":0.98580002784729,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3206","display_name":"Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14104","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology","score":0.98580002784729,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3206","display_name":"Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10103","display_name":"Reading and Literacy Development","score":0.01360000018030405,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11577","display_name":"Cognitive Abilities and Testing","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/specific-learning-disorders","display_name":"specific learning disorders","score":0.9120000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuropsychological-profile","display_name":"neuropsychological profile","score":0.9860000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/children","display_name":"children","score":0.5860000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sex-differences","display_name":"sex differences","score":0.5910000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/elementary-school-students","display_name":"elementary school students","score":0.7699999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/working-memory","display_name":"working memory","score":0.6439999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/literacy-development","display_name":"literacy development","score":0.5199999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mental-arithmetic","display_name":"mental arithmetic","score":0.746999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frontoparietal-network","display_name":"frontoparietal network","score":0.8550000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/white-matter-tracts","display_name":"white matter tracts","score":0.6650000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/italian-children","display_name":"Italian children","score":0.3869999945163727}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172467417","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1670397","display_name":"Neurocognitive","level":3,"score":0.8982999920845032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.8098000288009644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.5475999712944031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78170620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1572850","display_name":"Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children","level":4,"score":0.5414000153541565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117220453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5172842","display_name":"Correlation","level":2,"score":0.461899995803833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C511192102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5156948","display_name":"Comprehension","level":2,"score":0.453000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.4438999891281128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15107229","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860740","display_name":"Learning disability","level":2,"score":0.4336000084877014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89798072","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1141779","display_name":"Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale","level":3,"score":0.40450000762939453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.37540000677108765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21963081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11337567","display_name":"Working memory","level":3,"score":0.34139999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70410870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199906","display_name":"Clinical psychology","level":1,"score":0.34049999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166047926","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170277","display_name":"Intelligence quotient","level":3,"score":0.3073999881744385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C506058694","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q132971","display_name":"Dyslexia","level":3,"score":0.3019999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554936623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199657","display_name":"Reading (process)","level":2,"score":0.29670000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171606756","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q506132","display_name":"Psychometrics","level":2,"score":0.2791000008583069}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1934232","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1934232","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1934232","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychology/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1934232/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S9692511","display_name":"Frontiers in Psychology","issn_l":"1664-1078","issn":["1664-1078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","erih-plus","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Psychology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13654778","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13654778/","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13654778/pdf/fpsyg-17-1934232.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Front Psychol","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:42865527","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42865527","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in psychology","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:f484857af6f348db915def8e0b54646e","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/f484857af6f348db915def8e0b54646e","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Psychology, Vol 17 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1934232","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1934232","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1934232","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychology/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1934232/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S9692511","display_name":"Frontiers in Psychology","issn_l":"1664-1078","issn":["1664-1078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","erih-plus","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Psychology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.6240000128746033,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.4156000018119812,"display_name":"Quality education"}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7214527294.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7214527294.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":46,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W971517068","https://openalex.org/W1535222849","https://openalex.org/W1873974229","https://openalex.org/W1965189702","https://openalex.org/W1977465442","https://openalex.org/W1998254241","https://openalex.org/W2008152986","https://openalex.org/W2013549254","https://openalex.org/W2021680411","https://openalex.org/W2054225951","https://openalex.org/W2065358278","https://openalex.org/W2073579774","https://openalex.org/W2084785403","https://openalex.org/W2090696716","https://openalex.org/W2093097038","https://openalex.org/W2117102945","https://openalex.org/W2139871742","https://openalex.org/W2272775455","https://openalex.org/W2275067218","https://openalex.org/W2291599994","https://openalex.org/W2371362031","https://openalex.org/W2517500516","https://openalex.org/W2551011560","https://openalex.org/W2588140166","https://openalex.org/W2766547072","https://openalex.org/W2796640672","https://openalex.org/W2992146289","https://openalex.org/W3183871338","https://openalex.org/W3195973239","https://openalex.org/W3196347625","https://openalex.org/W4200514645","https://openalex.org/W4291718677","https://openalex.org/W4313327280","https://openalex.org/W4327752226","https://openalex.org/W4379525516","https://openalex.org/W4396744957","https://openalex.org/W4399859350","https://openalex.org/W4406399771","https://openalex.org/W4407190821","https://openalex.org/W4408410471","https://openalex.org/W4413874722","https://openalex.org/W4413998649","https://openalex.org/W4414148758","https://openalex.org/W4414708062","https://openalex.org/W7126189467","https://openalex.org/W7154853307"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1998014782","https://openalex.org/W4416544544","https://openalex.org/W4200514645","https://openalex.org/W7215047845","https://openalex.org/W1981816625","https://openalex.org/W2588140166","https://openalex.org/W7202082674","https://openalex.org/W6959758477","https://openalex.org/W7124465460","https://openalex.org/W7165758717"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Introduction:":[0],"Specific":[1],"Learning":[2],"Disorder":[3],"(SLD)":[4],"is":[5,187],"studied":[6],"via":[7,13],"WISC":[8,52,102],"IV,":[9],"as":[10,12],"well":[11],"neurocognitive":[14,32,183,240],"impairment":[15,57],"profiles":[16,33,184],"arising":[17],"from":[18],"clinical":[19],"tests.":[20],"However,":[21],"state-of-the-art":[22],"appears":[23],"to":[24,41,73,162,176,182,205,227],"be":[25,206],"deficitary":[26,239],"about":[27],"the":[28,127,133,151,155,214,218],"possibility":[29],"of":[30,63,96,144,208,221],"shared":[31],"within":[34],"a":[35,141],"given":[36],"phenotype.":[37],"Objectives:":[38],"We":[39],"aim":[40],"fulfil":[42],"this":[43],"gap":[44],"by":[45,189],"investigating,":[46],"in":[47,79,92,126,132,154,185,193,197,201,213,224,238,243],"SLD,":[48],"formal":[49],"correlations":[50,122],"between":[51],"IV":[53,103],"subtests":[54],"and":[55,66,109,131,148,200,230],"nine":[56,93],"domains,":[58],"with":[59,146,245],"their":[60],"own":[61],"degrees":[62],"severity.":[64],"Participants":[65],"methodology:":[67],"160":[68],"Italian":[69],"children,":[70],"aged":[71],"7":[72],"14":[74],"years,":[75],"have":[76,98,123],"been":[77,99,124],"divided":[78],"four":[80],"groups":[81],"(Males":[82],"vs.":[83,86],"Females;":[84],"Primary":[85],"Lower":[87],"Secondary":[88],"School);":[89],"scores":[90],"obtained":[91],"specific":[94,233],"domains":[95],"abilities":[97,160,173],"confronted":[100],"versus":[101],"scales,":[104],"using":[105],"Pearson":[106],"R":[107],"correlations,":[108],"obtaining":[110],"15":[111],"\u00d7":[112],"9":[113],"matrices":[114],"for":[115],"each":[116],"group.":[117],"Results:":[118],"The":[119,137],"most":[120],"relevant":[121],"found":[125,212],"primary-school":[128,138,215],"group":[129,135,216],"only,":[130],"female":[134,156],"only.":[136],"children":[139,244],"presented":[140],"strong":[142],"correlation":[143],"WMI":[145],"handwriting":[147],"reading.":[149],"On":[150],"other":[152],"hand,":[153],"group,":[157],"mental":[158],"calculation":[159],"correlated":[161,175],"several":[163],"subtest":[164],"indexes,":[165],"such":[166],"as:":[167],"IQ;":[168],"VCI;":[169],"WMI.":[170,177],"Reading":[171],"comprehension":[172],"also":[174],"Interpretations:":[178],"A":[179],"possible":[180],"explanation":[181],"females":[186],"represented":[188],"fronto-parietal":[190],"networks:":[191],"anomalies":[192],"gray-to-white":[194],"matter":[195],"ratio,":[196],"gray-matter":[198],"depth,":[199],"white-matter":[202],"tracts":[203],"appear":[204],"typical":[207],"young":[209],"females.":[210],"Results":[211],"underline":[217],"developmental":[219],"role":[220],"working":[222],"memory":[223],"learning":[225],"how":[226],"properly":[228],"read":[229],"write.":[231],"Thus,":[232],"phenotypic":[234],"areas":[235],"are":[236],"implicated":[237],"networks":[241],"affected":[242],"SLD.":[246]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-29T09:56:32.521200","created_date":"2026-09-28T00:00:00"}
