{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7214519082","doi":"https://doi.org/10.24200/sci.2026.66452.10067","title":"Adaptive Phishing Detection on Webpages via Multi-Agent Deep Learning and Multi-Dimensional Features","display_name":"Adaptive Phishing Detection on Webpages via Multi-Agent Deep Learning and Multi-Dimensional Features","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-06-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7214519082","doi":"https://doi.org/10.24200/sci.2026.66452.10067"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.24200/sci.2026.66452.10067","doi":"https://doi.org/10.24200/sci.2026.66452.10067","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.24200/sci.2026.66452.10067","pdf_url":"https://scientiairanica.sharif.edu/article_24247_b0545e6b6d8155dbab4bed76d44bf754.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2498435459","display_name":"Scientia Iranica","issn_l":"1026-3098","issn":["1026-3098","2345-3605"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319005","host_organization_name":"Sharif University of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319005"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Sharif University of Technology"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Scientia Iranica","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://scientiairanica.sharif.edu/article_24247_b0545e6b6d8155dbab4bed76d44bf754.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5153157199","display_name":"Ziba Jafari","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210152146","display_name":"Islamic Azad University Kerman","ror":"https://ror.org/04ywz9252","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110525433","https://openalex.org/I4210152146"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ziba Jafari","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, Kerman branch, Islamic Azad University, Kerman, Iran"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Kerman branch, Islamic Azad University, Kerman, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210152146"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073809790","display_name":"Seyyed Hamid Ghafouri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0518-186X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0518-186X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210152146","display_name":"Islamic Azad University Kerman","ror":"https://ror.org/04ywz9252","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110525433","https://openalex.org/I4210152146"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Seyyed Hamid Ghafouri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, Kerman branch, Islamic Azad University, Kerman, Iran"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Kerman branch, Islamic Azad University, Kerman, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210152146"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012056471","display_name":"Mohammad Ahmadinia","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210152146","display_name":"Islamic Azad University Kerman","ror":"https://ror.org/04ywz9252","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110525433","https://openalex.org/I4210152146"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammad Ahmadinia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, Kerman branch, Islamic Azad University, Kerman, Iran"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Kerman branch, Islamic Azad University, Kerman, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210152146"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210152146"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"0","issue":"0","first_page":"0","last_page":"0"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11147","display_name":"Misinformation and Its Impacts","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phishing-detection","display_name":"phishing detection","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phishing-websites","display_name":"phishing websites","score":0.7889999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/url-analysis","display_name":"URL analysis","score":0.8270000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/document-object-model","display_name":"Document Object Model","score":0.9480000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ensemble-voting","display_name":"ensemble voting","score":0.5960000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/web-security","display_name":"web security","score":0.8379999995231628}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83860907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q135005","display_name":"Phishing","level":3,"score":0.9751999974250793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8007000088691711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.6291000247001648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6158000230789185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.49059998989105225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983355114","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161380","display_name":"Credit card","level":3,"score":0.4189999997615814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21959979","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36774","display_name":"Web page","level":2,"score":0.4041000008583069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C541664917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14001","display_name":"Malware","level":2,"score":0.3490999937057495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.34689998626708984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.34450000524520874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.3330000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.3188999891281128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.31779998540878296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137822555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2587068","display_name":"Information sensitivity","level":2,"score":0.30809998512268066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59241245","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4781497","display_name":"Web application security","level":4,"score":0.29030001163482666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22111027","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1070427","display_name":"Internet security","level":4,"score":0.28610000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C527648132","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189900","display_name":"Information security","level":2,"score":0.2734000086784363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95922358","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5432725","display_name":"False positive rate","level":2,"score":0.257099986076355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70118762","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q376934","display_name":"Social engineering (security)","level":2,"score":0.25679999589920044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781238097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175026","display_name":"Object (grammar)","level":2,"score":0.25369998812675476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.2515000104904175}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.24200/sci.2026.66452.10067","doi":"https://doi.org/10.24200/sci.2026.66452.10067","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.24200/sci.2026.66452.10067","pdf_url":"https://scientiairanica.sharif.edu/article_24247_b0545e6b6d8155dbab4bed76d44bf754.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2498435459","display_name":"Scientia Iranica","issn_l":"1026-3098","issn":["1026-3098","2345-3605"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319005","host_organization_name":"Sharif University of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319005"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Sharif University of Technology"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Scientia Iranica","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.24200/sci.2026.66452.10067","doi":"https://doi.org/10.24200/sci.2026.66452.10067","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.24200/sci.2026.66452.10067","pdf_url":"https://scientiairanica.sharif.edu/article_24247_b0545e6b6d8155dbab4bed76d44bf754.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2498435459","display_name":"Scientia Iranica","issn_l":"1026-3098","issn":["1026-3098","2345-3605"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319005","host_organization_name":"Sharif University of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319005"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Sharif University of Technology"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Scientia Iranica","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7214519082.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7214519082.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":49,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1999714091","https://openalex.org/W2606751384","https://openalex.org/W2625935159","https://openalex.org/W2787538540","https://openalex.org/W2790759781","https://openalex.org/W2958447199","https://openalex.org/W2982692510","https://openalex.org/W2994673331","https://openalex.org/W3003583062","https://openalex.org/W3010653946","https://openalex.org/W3022651159","https://openalex.org/W3023864986","https://openalex.org/W3033013607","https://openalex.org/W3035894350","https://openalex.org/W3037276035","https://openalex.org/W3046679246","https://openalex.org/W3047536849","https://openalex.org/W3094117827","https://openalex.org/W3094291258","https://openalex.org/W3105217250","https://openalex.org/W3106649810","https://openalex.org/W3111551806","https://openalex.org/W3113075730","https://openalex.org/W3138464402","https://openalex.org/W3189081616","https://openalex.org/W3194405061","https://openalex.org/W3206703219","https://openalex.org/W4206428177","https://openalex.org/W4225723741","https://openalex.org/W4226443146","https://openalex.org/W4243040688","https://openalex.org/W4246162197","https://openalex.org/W4289656135","https://openalex.org/W4308531811","https://openalex.org/W4309542874","https://openalex.org/W4367598850","https://openalex.org/W4378422478","https://openalex.org/W4387831692","https://openalex.org/W4392489756","https://openalex.org/W4393972839","https://openalex.org/W4396216346","https://openalex.org/W4396710700","https://openalex.org/W4399426023","https://openalex.org/W4401212055","https://openalex.org/W4401882033","https://openalex.org/W4402157594","https://openalex.org/W4407937106","https://openalex.org/W4409361706","https://openalex.org/W4413082728"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W6921932285","https://openalex.org/W4408689545","https://openalex.org/W4403759070","https://openalex.org/W4410810058","https://openalex.org/W4405975565","https://openalex.org/W6912010300","https://openalex.org/W4396860730","https://openalex.org/W4390740495","https://openalex.org/W4386963445","https://openalex.org/W4392025657"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,84,130,185],"challenge":[1],"of":[2,59,97,122,146,153,212,233],"detecting":[3,173,201],"and":[4,37,56,65,104,125,148,198,202,224],"preventing":[5,203],"phishing":[6,60,76,139,165,183,204],"attacks":[7],"is":[8,18,115],"becoming":[9],"increasingly":[10],"difficult":[11],"due":[12],"to":[13,50,93,118,181,190,228],"their":[14],"growing":[15,231],"sophistication.":[16],"Phishing":[17],"a":[19,71,79,127,149],"social":[20],"engineering":[21],"tactic":[22],"where":[23],"users":[24,197],"are":[25],"tricked":[26],"into":[27],"revealing":[28],"sensitive":[29],"information,":[30],"such":[31],"as":[32],"passwords,":[33],"credit":[34],"card":[35],"details,":[36],"usernames,":[38],"through":[39,78],"fake":[40],"websites":[41,77],"that":[42,133],"appear":[43],"legitimate.":[44],"Traditional":[45],"detection":[46,140],"techniques":[47],"often":[48],"fail":[49],"keep":[51],"up":[52],"with":[53],"the":[54,100,105,120,210,219,230],"dynamic":[55],"evolving":[57],"nature":[58],"tactics,":[61],"necessitating":[62],"more":[63,222],"adaptive":[64],"complex":[66],"approaches.":[67],"This":[68,156],"study":[69],"introduces":[70],"novel":[72],"method":[73,85,158],"for":[74,221],"identifying":[75,163],"multi-agent":[80],"deep":[81,88,213],"learning":[82,89,215],"approach.":[83],"uses":[86],"three":[87],"networks,":[90],"each":[91],"trained":[92],"analyze":[94],"specific":[95],"features":[96],"websites,":[98],"including":[99],"URL,":[101],"page":[102],"content,":[103],"Document":[106],"Object":[107],"Model":[108],"structure.":[109],"A":[110],"highest":[111],"confidence":[112],"score":[113],"mechanism":[114],"then":[116],"applied":[117],"combine":[119],"results":[121,131],"these":[123],"networks":[124],"produce":[126],"final":[128],"prediction.":[129],"demonstrate":[132],"this":[134,207],"approach":[135,186],"outperforms":[136],"current":[137],"advanced":[138],"methods,":[141],"achieving":[142],"an":[143],"accuracy":[144],"rate":[145,152],"99.20%":[147],"false":[150],"positive":[151],"just":[154],"0.20%.":[155],"proposed":[157],"not":[159],"only":[160],"excels":[161],"at":[162],"known":[164],"sites":[166],"but":[167],"also":[168],"shows":[169],"strong":[170],"performance":[171],"in":[172,200,216],"previously":[174],"unseen":[175],"sites,":[176],"making":[177],"it":[178],"highly":[179],"adaptable":[180],"emerging":[182],"techniques.":[184],"has":[187],"significant":[188],"potential":[189,211],"improve":[191],"web":[192],"security":[193,226],"by":[194],"assisting":[195],"both":[196],"organizations":[199],"attacks.":[205],"Furthermore,":[206],"framework":[208],"highlights":[209],"reinforcement":[214],"cybersecurity,":[217],"paving":[218],"way":[220],"resilient":[223],"automated":[225],"systems":[227],"combat":[229],"threat":[232],"cyberattacks.":[234]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2026-09-28T00:00:00"}
