{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7214470976","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inoche.2026.117605","title":"Lead-free Ge\u2013Sn perovskite tandem solar cells: Numerical optimization for high efficiency and environmental safety","display_name":"Lead-free Ge\u2013Sn perovskite tandem solar cells: Numerical optimization for high efficiency and environmental safety","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-09-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7214470976","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inoche.2026.117605"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.inoche.2026.117605","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inoche.2026.117605","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inoche.2026.117605","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S166634186","display_name":"Inorganic Chemistry Communications","issn_l":"1387-7003","issn":["1387-7003","1879-0259"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-d","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Inorganic Chemistry Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086597507","display_name":"Eman A. Alghamdi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9055-1943","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9055-1943"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28022161","display_name":"King Saud University","ror":"https://ror.org/02f81g417","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eman. A. Alghamdi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physics and Astronomy College of Science King Saud University Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics and Astronomy College of Science King Saud University Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5116471371","display_name":"Hafiz Noman Yasir","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I160968435","display_name":"University of Sargodha","ror":"https://ror.org/0086rpr26","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I160968435"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hafiz Noman Yasir","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physics, University of Sargodha, 40100 Sargodha, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics, University of Sargodha, 40100 Sargodha, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I160968435"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115497420","display_name":"Khalid Riaz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8507-5701","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8507-5701"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I160968435","display_name":"University of Sargodha","ror":"https://ror.org/0086rpr26","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I160968435"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Khalid Riaz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physics, University of Sargodha, 40100 Sargodha, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics, University of Sargodha, 40100 Sargodha, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I160968435"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5152961017","display_name":"Muhammad Irfan","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78978612","display_name":"Yangzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/03tqb8s11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78978612"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Irfan","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Physics Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu 225009, People\u2019s Republic of China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Physics Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu 225009, People\u2019s Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78978612"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027762007","display_name":"Rizwan Ul Hassan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-6026-2335","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0007-6026-2335","https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2452-4362"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12832649","display_name":"Gachon University","ror":"https://ror.org/03ryywt80","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12832649"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Rizwan Ul Hassan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-daero, Seongnam 13120, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-daero, Seongnam 13120, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12832649"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100684352","display_name":"Muhammad Kashif","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9874-0992","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9874-0992","https://orcid.org/0009-0006-9987-6791"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Kashif","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Tianjin University 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, People\u2019s Republic of China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Tianjin University 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, People\u2019s Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5153009580","display_name":"Waqar Mehmood","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","display_name":"University of Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/052gg0110","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Waqar Mahmood","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Oxford, Department of Physics, England, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Oxford, Department of Physics, England, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044161537","display_name":"Muhammad Waseem Zulfiqar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3824-7370","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3824-7370"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I160968435","display_name":"University of Sargodha","ror":"https://ror.org/0086rpr26","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I160968435"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Zulfiqar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physics, University of Sargodha, 40100 Sargodha, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3824-7370","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics, University of Sargodha, 40100 Sargodha, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I160968435"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":5,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5027762007","https://openalex.org/A5044161537"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12832649","https://openalex.org/I160968435"],"apc_list":{"value":3550,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3550},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"194","issue":null,"first_page":"117605","last_page":"117605"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10247","display_name":"Perovskite Materials and Applications","score":0.9932000041007996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10247","display_name":"Perovskite Materials and Applications","score":0.9932000041007996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12309","display_name":"solar cell performance optimization","score":0.0012000000569969416,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10045","display_name":"Organic Electronics and Photovoltaics","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lead-free-perovskite-solar-cells","display_name":"lead-free perovskite solar cells","score":0.8130000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tandem-solar-cells","display_name":"tandem solar cells","score":0.9020000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scaps-1d-simulation","display_name":"SCAPS-1D simulation","score":0.7540000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/device-thickness-optimization","display_name":"device thickness optimization","score":0.7170000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/current-matching","display_name":"current matching","score":0.7369999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hole-transport-layer","display_name":"hole transport layer","score":0.6349999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electron-transport-layer","display_name":"electron transport layer","score":0.9589999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power-conversion-efficiency","display_name":"power conversion efficiency","score":0.8109999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-safety","display_name":"environmental safety","score":0.6589999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/moisture-stability","display_name":"humidity stability","score":0.40799999237060547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/defect-density","display_name":"defect density","score":0.5260000228881836}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777814067","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1752317","display_name":"Tandem","level":2,"score":0.7505000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155011858","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3036449","display_name":"Perovskite (structure)","level":2,"score":0.7211999893188477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.579800009727478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.44909998774528503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21880701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2144042","display_name":"Process engineering","level":1,"score":0.41200000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548081761","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180388","display_name":"Waste management","level":1,"score":0.3165999948978424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993413578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1049876","display_name":"Environmental safety","level":3,"score":0.29490000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116915560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83504","display_name":"Nuclear engineering","level":1,"score":0.2870999872684479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C500300565","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q925667","display_name":"Computer simulation","level":2,"score":0.26660001277923584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206991015","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192704","display_name":"Energy conversion efficiency","level":2,"score":0.25690001249313354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61696701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q770766","display_name":"Engineering physics","level":1,"score":0.25679999589920044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.2533000111579895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41291067","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1897785","display_name":"Photovoltaic system","level":2,"score":0.25130000710487366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.25029999017715454}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.inoche.2026.117605","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inoche.2026.117605","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inoche.2026.117605","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S166634186","display_name":"Inorganic Chemistry Communications","issn_l":"1387-7003","issn":["1387-7003","1879-0259"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-d","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Inorganic Chemistry Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.9853000044822693,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G9000379513","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ORF-2026-1149","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321145","funder_display_name":"King Saud University"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321145","display_name":"King Saud University","ror":"https://ror.org/02f81g417"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":62,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2027957421","https://openalex.org/W2050505402","https://openalex.org/W2072487632","https://openalex.org/W2078550565","https://openalex.org/W2147269441","https://openalex.org/W2467632288","https://openalex.org/W2523385426","https://openalex.org/W2527042386","https://openalex.org/W2580772213","https://openalex.org/W2588813628","https://openalex.org/W2735952616","https://openalex.org/W2754280109","https://openalex.org/W2769254440","https://openalex.org/W2773531041","https://openalex.org/W2793258565","https://openalex.org/W2803281082","https://openalex.org/W2803389731","https://openalex.org/W2803949956","https://openalex.org/W2847347814","https://openalex.org/W2891140984","https://openalex.org/W2899551813","https://openalex.org/W2904288805","https://openalex.org/W2908506573","https://openalex.org/W2944561678","https://openalex.org/W2989428627","https://openalex.org/W2990782854","https://openalex.org/W2991479627","https://openalex.org/W3001770599","https://openalex.org/W3005886256","https://openalex.org/W3013927890","https://openalex.org/W3021908314","https://openalex.org/W3042572286","https://openalex.org/W3045125552","https://openalex.org/W3116652580","https://openalex.org/W3119360643","https://openalex.org/W3120931798","https://openalex.org/W3135241592","https://openalex.org/W3138516080","https://openalex.org/W3150800798","https://openalex.org/W3161627059","https://openalex.org/W3161709766","https://openalex.org/W3165595486","https://openalex.org/W3166097121","https://openalex.org/W3166851385","https://openalex.org/W3172170603","https://openalex.org/W3189856016","https://openalex.org/W3202780139","https://openalex.org/W4220824163","https://openalex.org/W4226281059","https://openalex.org/W4293328143","https://openalex.org/W4313245263","https://openalex.org/W4313352153","https://openalex.org/W4389430187","https://openalex.org/W4396705693","https://openalex.org/W4405455205","https://openalex.org/W4408985437","https://openalex.org/W4413736337","https://openalex.org/W4414224482","https://openalex.org/W4415507827","https://openalex.org/W4416356962","https://openalex.org/W7140137385","https://openalex.org/W7162688770"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4410388311","https://openalex.org/W4284888853","https://openalex.org/W4318969794","https://openalex.org/W4416957301","https://openalex.org/W4412988596","https://openalex.org/W4321638969","https://openalex.org/W4413216518","https://openalex.org/W4404780879","https://openalex.org/W7165392097","https://openalex.org/W4405093367"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-30T12:39:25.321706","created_date":"2026-09-27T00:00:00"}
