{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7214466101","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.23.753857","title":"Divergence in neurodivergent brains: mapping the relationship between developmental trajectories in functional connectivity and clinical outcomes","display_name":"Divergence in neurodivergent brains: mapping the relationship between developmental trajectories in functional connectivity and clinical outcomes","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-09-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7214466101","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.23.753857"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.09.23.753857","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.23.753857","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.23.753857","pdf_url":"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2026/09/25/2026.09.23.753857.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402567","display_name":"bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2750212522","host_organization_name":"Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2750212522"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"bioRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2026/09/25/2026.09.23.753857.full.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5106678998","display_name":"Sara Saljoughi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0961-2241","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0961-2241"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39470171","display_name":"Ontario Tech University","ror":"https://ror.org/016zre027","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39470171"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sara Saljoughi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Science, Ontario Tech University, Oshawa, ON"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0961-2241","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Science, Ontario Tech University, Oshawa, ON","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39470171"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101435958","display_name":"Kathleen Lyons","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3554-7893","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3554-7893"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405252684","display_name":"King\u2019s University College","ror":"https://ror.org/00h3d0p13","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125749732","https://openalex.org/I4405252684"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kathleen Lyons","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychology, King\u2019s University College, London, ON"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology, King\u2019s University College, London, ON","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405252684"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064008950","display_name":"Taylor Heffer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5586-5640","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5586-5640"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39470171","display_name":"Ontario Tech University","ror":"https://ror.org/016zre027","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39470171"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Taylor Heffer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Social Science and Humanities, Ontario Tech University, Oshawa, ON"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Social Science and Humanities, Ontario Tech University, Oshawa, ON","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39470171"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5149436007","display_name":"Mehran Ebrahimi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3980-9582","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3980-9582"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39470171","display_name":"Ontario Tech University","ror":"https://ror.org/016zre027","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39470171"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mehran Ebrahimi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Science, Ontario Tech University, Oshawa, ON"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Science, Ontario Tech University, Oshawa, ON","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39470171"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028027756","display_name":"Ryan Andrew Stevenson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1037-7736","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1037-7736"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125749732","display_name":"Western University","ror":"https://ror.org/02grkyz14","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125749732"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ryan Stevenson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychology, Western University, ON, Canada","Western Centre for Brain and Mind, Western University, ON, Canada","Western Institute for Neuroscience, Western University, ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology, Western University, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125749732"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Western Centre for Brain and Mind, Western University, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125749732"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Western Institute for Neuroscience, Western University, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125749732"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084412210","display_name":"Bobby Boge Stojanoski","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8595-7634","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8595-7634"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125749732","display_name":"Western University","ror":"https://ror.org/02grkyz14","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125749732"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39470171","display_name":"Ontario Tech University","ror":"https://ror.org/016zre027","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39470171"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76245029","display_name":"Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje","ror":"https://ror.org/02wk2vx54","country_code":"MK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76245029"]}],"countries":["CA","MK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Bobby Stojanoski","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychology, Western University, ON, Canada","Faculty of Social Science and Humanities, Ontario Tech University, Oshawa, ON","The Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research (CeNIIs) at Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Skopje North Macedonia","Western Centre for Brain and Mind, Western University, ON, Canada","Western Institute for Neuroscience, Western University, ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology, Western University, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125749732"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Social Science and Humanities, Ontario Tech University, Oshawa, ON","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39470171"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research (CeNIIs) at Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Skopje North Macedonia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76245029"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Western Centre for Brain and Mind, Western University, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125749732"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Western Institute for Neuroscience, Western University, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125749732"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5084412210"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125749732","https://openalex.org/I39470171","https://openalex.org/I76245029"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10241","display_name":"Functional Brain Connectivity Studies","score":0.9872999787330627,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10241","display_name":"Functional Brain Connectivity Studies","score":0.9872999787330627,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10106","display_name":"Autism Spectrum Disorder Research","score":0.011099999770522118,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11772","display_name":"Genetics and Neurodevelopmental Disorders","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neurodivergence","display_name":"neurodivergence","score":0.9449999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brain-network-development","display_name":"brain network development","score":0.7649999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/functional-connectivity","display_name":"functional connectivity","score":0.9760000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neurodevelopmental-disorders","display_name":"neurodevelopmental disorders","score":0.8790000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalized-anxiety-disorder","display_name":"generalized anxiety disorder","score":0.9929999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/developmental-trajectories","display_name":"developmental trajectories","score":0.640999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adolescence","display_name":"adolescence","score":0.7680000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/symptoms","display_name":"clinical symptoms","score":0.4909999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/large-scale-brain-networks","display_name":"large-scale brain networks","score":0.671999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/healthy-brain-network","display_name":"Healthy Brain Network","score":0.7310000061988831}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778391849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1079090","display_name":"Neurotypical","level":4,"score":0.6845999956130981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018011982","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7316120","display_name":"Functional connectivity","level":2,"score":0.6496000289916992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207390915","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1230525","display_name":"Divergence (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.508899986743927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.4634000062942505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.4120999872684479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.352400004863739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50231774","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q639842","display_name":"Brain mapping","level":2,"score":0.329800009727478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779226451","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q903809","display_name":"Functional magnetic resonance imaging","level":2,"score":0.3165999948978424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778594975","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3087172","display_name":"Developmental disorder","level":3,"score":0.3089999854564667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984223407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1345738","display_name":"Brain development","level":2,"score":0.30309998989105225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13662910","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193139","display_name":"Trajectory","level":2,"score":0.2930999994277954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.28839999437332153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45715564","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1292103","display_name":"Connectome","level":3,"score":0.2881999909877777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780621315","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5407200","display_name":"Middle temporal gyrus","level":3,"score":0.27709999680519104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C558461103","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q154430","display_name":"Anxiety","level":2,"score":0.27090001106262207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779108282","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22908968","display_name":"Spatiotemporal pattern","level":2,"score":0.2687999904155731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.2542000114917755}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.09.23.753857","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.23.753857","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.23.753857","pdf_url":"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2026/09/25/2026.09.23.753857.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402567","display_name":"bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2750212522","host_organization_name":"Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2750212522"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"bioRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.09.23.753857","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.23.753857","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.23.753857","pdf_url":"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2026/09/25/2026.09.23.753857.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402567","display_name":"bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2750212522","host_organization_name":"Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2750212522"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"bioRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.98580002784729,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1006967096","display_name":"The international community and its role in the development and environmental support of genocide","funder_award_id":"37497","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334617","funder_display_name":"Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1756247795","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"435-2024-1375","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334617","funder_display_name":"Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2092367321","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"04656","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","funder_display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2271590008","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RGPIN 2020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","funder_display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G279537525","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RGPIN 2017 ?","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","funder_display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4086020978","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"435-2017-0936","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334617","funder_display_name":"Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4495263874","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RGPIN-2024-06233","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","funder_display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G559321522","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"487850","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334506","funder_display_name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7643261507","display_name":"Violent crime altercations:  implications of Canadian public knowledge of the Canadian criminal code","funder_award_id":"42163","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334617","funder_display_name":"Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326644","display_name":"Canada First Research Excellence Fund","ror":"https://ror.org/01ktx4s83"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334506","display_name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","ror":"https://ror.org/01gavpb45"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334617","display_name":"Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/04j5jqy92"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7214466101.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7214466101.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":7,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2077858999","https://openalex.org/W3112717819","https://openalex.org/W4235059634","https://openalex.org/W4242289937","https://openalex.org/W4399575181","https://openalex.org/W4404746615","https://openalex.org/W4414491218"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2898690507","https://openalex.org/W2965298855","https://openalex.org/W7165000254","https://openalex.org/W4410915486","https://openalex.org/W3124153617","https://openalex.org/W4414517213","https://openalex.org/W2604105489","https://openalex.org/W7161177585","https://openalex.org/W6925628415","https://openalex.org/W3013379512"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Brain":[1,42],"network":[2,29],"development":[3],"differs":[4],"between":[5,81],"neurodivergent":[6],"(ND)":[7],"and":[8,16,31,47,53,83,91,127],"neurotypical":[9],"(NT)":[10],"youth,":[11],"but":[12,106],"its":[13],"developmental":[14,75],"trajectory,":[15],"relationship":[17],"to":[18,72],"clinical":[19,32,110,128],"outcomes,":[20],"remains":[21],"unclear.":[22],"We":[23],"examined":[24],"age-related":[25],"changes":[26],"in":[27,34,78,98,109,122],"functional":[28],"connectivity":[30,59,79,99],"symptoms":[33],"861":[35],"participants":[36],"(5\u201321":[37],"years)":[38],"from":[39],"the":[40],"Healthy":[41],"Network,":[43],"including":[44],"NT":[45,84],"youth":[46],"those":[48],"with":[49],"Neurodevelopmental":[50],"Disorders":[51],"(NDDs)":[52],"generalized":[54,65],"anxiety":[55],"disorder":[56],"(GAD).":[57],"Functional":[58],"during":[60,88,94],"movie-watching":[61],"was":[62],"modeled":[63],"using":[64],"additive":[66],"models":[67],"across":[68],"eight":[69],"large-scale":[70],"networks":[71],"characterize":[73],"nonlinear":[74],"trajectories.":[76],"Divergence":[77],"profiles":[80],"ND":[82],"groups":[85],"first":[86],"emerged":[87],"late":[89],"childhood":[90],"were":[92],"largest":[93],"adolescence.":[95],"Importantly,":[96],"divergence":[97,108],"patterns":[100,123],"followed":[101],"a":[102,117,134],"similar":[103],"trajectory":[104],"path,":[105],"preceded,":[107],"outcomes.":[111],"These":[112],"findings":[113],"identify":[114],"adolescence":[115],"as":[116],"sensitive":[118],"period":[119],"when":[120],"differences":[121,129],"of":[124],"brain":[125],"activity":[126],"become":[130],"increasingly":[131],"pronounced,":[132],"highlighting":[133],"potential":[135],"window":[136],"for":[137],"targeted":[138],"intervention.":[139]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-09T13:22:03.289127","created_date":"2026-09-27T00:00:00"}