{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7214396408","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/fhbj7_v1","title":"Language-Based Mental Health Assessments Do Not Perform Evenly Across Racial and Ethnic Groups","display_name":"Language-Based Mental Health Assessments Do Not Perform Evenly Across Racial and Ethnic Groups","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7214396408","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/fhbj7_v1"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.31234/osf.io/fhbj7_v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/fhbj7_v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/fhbj7_v1","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/fhbj7_v1","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064221278","display_name":"Steven Mesquiti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1687-1137","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1687-1137"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20089843","display_name":"Princeton University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hx57361","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Steven Mesquiti","raw_affiliation_strings":["Princeton University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Princeton University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090585766","display_name":"Rebecca M. Carey","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2576-9812","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2576-9812"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20089843","display_name":"Princeton University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hx57361","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rebecca Carey","raw_affiliation_strings":["Princeton University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2576-9812","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Princeton University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029249257","display_name":"Nathaniel D. Daw","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5029-1430","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5029-1430"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20089843","display_name":"Princeton University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hx57361","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nathaniel Daw","raw_affiliation_strings":["Princeton University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5029-1430","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Princeton University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058485242","display_name":"Erik C Nook","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7967-0792","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7967-0792"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20089843","display_name":"Princeton University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hx57361","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Erik C Nook","raw_affiliation_strings":["Princeton University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7967-0792","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Princeton University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12488","display_name":"Mental Health via Writing","score":0.9911999702453613,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12488","display_name":"Mental Health via Writing","score":0.9911999702453613,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10667","display_name":"Emotion and Mood Recognition","score":0.0015999999595806003,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11396","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare","score":0.0007999999797903001,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3605","display_name":"Health Information Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/racial-and-ethnic-disparities","display_name":"racial and ethnic disparities","score":0.9210000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistic-features","display_name":"linguistic features","score":0.5440000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistic-inquiry-and-word-count","display_name":"LIWC","score":0.7649999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phq-8","display_name":"PHQ-8","score":0.8230000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gad-7","display_name":"GAD-7","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/depression","display_name":"depression","score":0.35199999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anxiety","display_name":"anxiety","score":0.968999981880188}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137403100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41710","display_name":"Ethnic group","level":2,"score":0.7311000227928162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134362201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q317309","display_name":"Mental health","level":2,"score":0.6741999983787537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.5950999855995178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43521106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2165493","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","level":2,"score":0.5938000082969666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132964779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2110223","display_name":"Raw data","level":2,"score":0.5823000073432922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.49559998512268066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173633133","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2110223","display_name":"Raw score","level":3,"score":0.4684999883174896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.43209999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.4244999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75630572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q538904","display_name":"Applied psychology","level":1,"score":0.4059000015258789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.3804999887943268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194943564","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1129049","display_name":"Participant observation","level":2,"score":0.32339999079704285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017977704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18745135","display_name":"Health data","level":3,"score":0.3165999948978424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70410870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199906","display_name":"Clinical psychology","level":1,"score":0.31029999256134033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2982912361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1851867","display_name":"Mental model","level":2,"score":0.30720001459121704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74909509","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10387","display_name":"Gerontology","level":1,"score":0.28610000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.26409998536109924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133462117","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4929239","display_name":"Data collection","level":2,"score":0.25949999690055847}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.31234/osf.io/fhbj7_v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/fhbj7_v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/fhbj7_v1","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.22877407","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22877407","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22877407","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Other"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.22877408","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22877408","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22877408","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Other"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.23377959","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23377959","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23377959","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Other"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.23575371","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23575371","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23575371","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Other"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.31234/osf.io/fhbj7_v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/fhbj7_v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/fhbj7_v1","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.9476000070571899},{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.8974000215530396}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7207865220","https://openalex.org/W4388302536","https://openalex.org/W7214576342","https://openalex.org/W4402859066","https://openalex.org/W7168534936","https://openalex.org/W7134860930","https://openalex.org/W4412521607","https://openalex.org/W1658283568","https://openalex.org/W7167918008","https://openalex.org/W7163968685"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Psycholinguistic":[0],"tools":[1,128],"that":[2,22,111,126],"estimate":[3],"psychological":[4],"symptoms":[5,63,71,84],"from":[6],"language":[7,94,117],"alone":[8],"aim":[9],"to":[10],"provide":[11],"unobtrusive":[12],"assessments":[13,24],"without":[14],"needing":[15],"questionnaires":[16],"or":[17],"clinicians.":[18],"Researchers":[19],"largely":[20],"assume":[21,130],"these":[23],"function":[25],"equivalently":[26],"across":[27,85],"demographic":[28],"groups.":[29,86],"We":[30],"tested":[31],"this":[32],"assumption":[33],"in":[34,79],"a":[35],"racially":[36],"diverse":[37],"sample":[38],"of":[39,61],"U.S.":[40],"adults":[41],"(N":[42],"=":[43],"1,685;":[44],"Black,":[45],"Asian,":[46],"Latino/Hispanic,":[47],"White)":[48],"who":[49],"described":[50],"their":[51],"mental":[52],"health":[53],"and":[54,76,132],"completed":[55],"standard":[56],"symptom":[57],"questionnaires.":[58],"Language-based":[59],"markers":[60],"internalizing":[62],"were":[64],"often":[65],"group-specific:":[66],"First-person":[67],"pronoun":[68],"use":[69],"predicted":[70],"only":[72],"among":[73],"White":[74,92],"participants,":[75],"sentiment":[77],"varied":[78],"how":[80],"strongly":[81],"it":[82],"tracked":[83],"Machine":[87],"learning":[88],"models":[89,106,113],"trained":[90],"on":[91],"participants'":[93],"produced":[95],"higher":[96],"prediction":[97],"error":[98],"for":[99,136],"other":[100],"groups":[101],"than":[102,119],"those":[103],"groups'":[104,121],"own":[105],"did.":[107],"Interpretability":[108],"techniques":[109],"revealed":[110],"White-trained":[112],"emphasized":[114],"self-focused,":[115],"agentic":[116],"more":[118],"minority":[120],"models.":[122],"These":[123],"findings":[124],"indicate":[125],"linguistic":[127],"cannot":[129],"generalizability":[131],"must":[133],"be":[134],"evaluated":[135],"the":[137],"populations":[138],"they":[139],"serve.":[140]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-28T10:33:24.094632","created_date":"2026-09-26T00:00:00"}