{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7214366353","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s44335-026-00099-9","title":"Bit-sliced quantization for robust memristor-based compute-in-memory","display_name":"Bit-sliced quantization for robust memristor-based compute-in-memory","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-09-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7214366353","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s44335-026-00099-9"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s44335-026-00099-9","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s44335-026-00099-9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s44335-026-00099-9","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s44335-026-00099-9.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5407042855","display_name":"npj Unconventional Computing","issn_l":"3004-8672","issn":["3004-8672"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"npj Unconventional Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s44335-026-00099-9.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5152880959","display_name":"Yifei Yu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I889458895","display_name":"University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/02zhqgq86","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yifei Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5152806311","display_name":"Jichang Yang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I889458895","display_name":"University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/02zhqgq86","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jichang Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113118401","display_name":"Zijian Ye","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I889458895","display_name":"University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/02zhqgq86","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zijian Ye","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5152878261","display_name":"Shihao Han","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I889458895","display_name":"University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/02zhqgq86","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shihao Han","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110793561","display_name":"Bo Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-0130-1592","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0007-0130-1592"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I889458895","display_name":"University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/02zhqgq86","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bo Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083897792","display_name":"Shaocong Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7195-8676","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7195-8676","https://orcid.org/0009-0005-1933-7361"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20231570","display_name":"Peking University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v51f717","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shaocong Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100452639","display_name":"Han Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5121-3362","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5121-3362","https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1822-841X","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7476-6012"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I889458895","display_name":"University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/02zhqgq86","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Han Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5145725849","display_name":"Xiaojuan Qi","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I889458895","display_name":"University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/02zhqgq86","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xiaojuan Qi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5152918706","display_name":"Zhongrui Wang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3045169105","display_name":"Southern University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/049tv2d57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3045169105"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zhongrui Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Microelectronics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Microelectronics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3045169105"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5145725849","https://openalex.org/A5152918706"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3045169105","https://openalex.org/I889458895"],"apc_list":{"value":2590,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2590},"apc_paid":{"value":2590,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2590},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.64131171,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"3","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12808","display_name":"Ferroelectric and Negative Capacitance Devices","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/memristor-arrays","display_name":"memristor arrays","score":0.8510000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/in-memory-computing","display_name":"in-memory computing","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/post-training-quantization","display_name":"post-training quantization","score":0.8450000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise-injection","display_name":"noise injection","score":0.7599999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hardware-software-co-design","display_name":"hardware-software co-design","score":0.8410000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/edge-intelligence","display_name":"edge AI","score":0.7250000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/large-language-model-reasoning","display_name":"large language model reasoning","score":0.8870000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-efficient-computing","display_name":"energy-efficient computing","score":0.5929999947547913}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28855332","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q198099","display_name":"Quantization (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.8203999996185303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.628000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.5680999755859375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.5508000254631042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80469333","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189088","display_name":"Von Neumann architecture","level":2,"score":0.46630001068115234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4429999887943268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177774035","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1246948","display_name":"Granularity","level":2,"score":0.42160001397132874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150072547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q212923","display_name":"Memristor","level":2,"score":0.39320001006126404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48372109","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3913","display_name":"Binary number","level":2,"score":0.38999998569488525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.3619000017642975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.35690000653266907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182019814","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1143830","display_name":"Resistive random-access memory","level":3,"score":0.3513999879360199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.3224000036716461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.3206999897956848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.31290000677108765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.3127000033855438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.301800012588501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.296999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138236772","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25098575","display_name":"Edge device","level":3,"score":0.29339998960494995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6899612","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q852911","display_name":"Resistive touchscreen","level":2,"score":0.2782000005245209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778422915","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10302051","display_name":"Converters","level":3,"score":0.26649999618530273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.2572000026702881}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1038/s44335-026-00099-9","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s44335-026-00099-9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s44335-026-00099-9","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s44335-026-00099-9.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5407042855","display_name":"npj Unconventional Computing","issn_l":"3004-8672","issn":["3004-8672"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"npj Unconventional Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s44335-026-00099-9","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s44335-026-00099-9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s44335-026-00099-9","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s44335-026-00099-9.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5407042855","display_name":"npj Unconventional Computing","issn_l":"3004-8672","issn":["3004-8672"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"npj Unconventional Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321920","display_name":"Innovation and Technology Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/04vf9tr09"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336569","display_name":"Shenzhen Science and Technology Innovation Program","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7214366353.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7214366353.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":49,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1542981317","https://openalex.org/W1832693441","https://openalex.org/W1999085092","https://openalex.org/W2030671441","https://openalex.org/W2043707274","https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2132729131","https://openalex.org/W2251939518","https://openalex.org/W2526646482","https://openalex.org/W2613989746","https://openalex.org/W2798554798","https://openalex.org/W2803163155","https://openalex.org/W2805362231","https://openalex.org/W2923010225","https://openalex.org/W2945592020","https://openalex.org/W2946609015","https://openalex.org/W2946659370","https://openalex.org/W2998617917","https://openalex.org/W3000505821","https://openalex.org/W3003821665","https://openalex.org/W3013080934","https://openalex.org/W3040303671","https://openalex.org/W3091895175","https://openalex.org/W3127794782","https://openalex.org/W3194676777","https://openalex.org/W4225585995","https://openalex.org/W4232382857","https://openalex.org/W4292121737","https://openalex.org/W4320486502","https://openalex.org/W4361286998","https://openalex.org/W4385255585","https://openalex.org/W4386100686","https://openalex.org/W4386736788","https://openalex.org/W4401731385","https://openalex.org/W4407065729","https://openalex.org/W4408119266","https://openalex.org/W4408591400","https://openalex.org/W4408927401","https://openalex.org/W4411882614","https://openalex.org/W4415101950","https://openalex.org/W4415618618","https://openalex.org/W7118625014","https://openalex.org/W7119535652","https://openalex.org/W7124290316","https://openalex.org/W7124707747","https://openalex.org/W7124828252","https://openalex.org/W7128771051","https://openalex.org/W7133328058","https://openalex.org/W7134267043"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4409285484","https://openalex.org/W4280607397","https://openalex.org/W4415955314","https://openalex.org/W7160842405","https://openalex.org/W4364860123","https://openalex.org/W7203717482","https://openalex.org/W6929090305","https://openalex.org/W7172486274","https://openalex.org/W4405361177","https://openalex.org/W4408119266"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"The":[1],"escalating":[2],"computational":[3],"demand":[4],"of":[5,15],"modern":[6],"AI":[7,174],"is":[8,56,156],"increasingly":[9],"constrained":[10],"by":[11,129],"the":[12],"data-movement":[13],"overhead":[14],"von":[16],"Neumann":[17],"architectures,":[18],"motivating":[19],"memristor-based":[20],"compute-in-memory":[21],"(CIM)":[22],"as":[23,165],"an":[24],"energy-efficient":[25],"alternative.":[26],"Yet":[27],"extending":[28],"CIM":[29,72,177],"to":[30,142],"reliable":[31],"analog":[32,71,160],"computation":[33],"remains":[34],"difficult":[35],"because":[36],"practical":[37,167],"memristor":[38,176],"arrays":[39],"exhibit":[40],"limited":[41],"conductance":[42],"resolution":[43],"and":[44,83,118,140,162,171],"stochastic":[45],"device":[46,90,98],"fluctuations,":[47],"causing":[48],"severe":[49],"performance":[50],"loss":[51],"when":[52],"conventional":[53],"uniform":[54],"quantization":[55,63,155],"directly":[57],"deployed.":[58],"Here":[59],"we":[60],"present":[61],"bit-sliced":[62],"(BSQ),":[64],"a":[65,166],"hardware\u2013software":[66],"co-design":[67],"framework":[68],"for":[69,158],"robust":[70,170],"inference.":[73],"BSQ":[74,106,126,164],"combines":[75],"distribution-aware":[76],"non-uniform":[77],"post-training":[78],"quantization,":[79],"hardware-aligned":[80],"noise":[81],"injection,":[82],"crossbar-compatible":[84],"bit-slice":[85],"mapping":[86],"onto":[87],"stable":[88],"binary":[89],"states.":[91],"This":[92],"design":[93],"aligns":[94],"model":[95,121],"representation":[96],"with":[97,110],"physics":[99],"while":[100],"avoiding":[101],"costly":[102],"retraining.":[103],"We":[104],"evaluate":[105],"on":[107,131,136,144,175],"three":[108],"tasks":[109],"increasing":[111],"complexity:":[112],"handwritten":[113],"digit":[114,133],"classification,":[115,134,139],"sentiment":[116,138],"analysis,":[117],"large":[119],"language":[120],"reasoning.":[122],"Under":[123],"programming":[124],"noise,":[125],"improves":[127],"accuracy":[128],"+16.0%":[130],"2-bit":[132],"+0.5%":[135],"3-bit":[137,145],"up":[141],"+20.08%":[143],"LLM":[146],"reasoning":[147],"benchmarks.":[148],"These":[149],"results":[150],"show":[151],"that":[152],"physically":[153],"aligned":[154],"critical":[157],"dependable":[159],"inference,":[161],"establish":[163],"route":[168],"toward":[169],"scalable":[172],"edge":[173],"hardware.":[178]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2026-09-26T00:00:00"}