{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7214339538","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2609.28671","title":"Large-Area SnS Crystals by Controlled Sn-S Chemical Vapor Deposition: Growth Optimization, Morphology, and Raman Characterization","display_name":"Large-Area SnS Crystals by Controlled Sn-S Chemical Vapor Deposition: Growth Optimization, Morphology, and Raman Characterization","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-09-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7214339538","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2609.28671"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2609.28671","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.28671","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2609.28671","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["arxiv","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2609.28671","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019789676","display_name":"Bilal Ahmed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9931-7133","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9931-7133"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2613432","display_name":"University of South Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/032db5x82","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2613432"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ahmed, Bilal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physics , University of South Florida , Tampa , Florida , USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics , University of South Florida , Tampa , Florida , USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2613432"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5019789676"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2613432"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10590","display_name":"Chalcogenide Semiconductor Thin Films","score":0.5493000149726868,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10590","display_name":"Chalcogenide Semiconductor Thin Films","score":0.5493000149726868,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10275","display_name":"2D Materials and Applications","score":0.2515000104904175,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2505","display_name":"Materials Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10939","display_name":"Crystal Structures and Properties","score":0.14030000567436218,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2504","display_name":"Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tin-monosulfide","display_name":"tin monosulfide","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sns","display_name":"SnS","score":0.7710000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chemical-vapor-deposition","display_name":"chemical vapor deposition","score":0.7599999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/large-area-crystal-growth","display_name":"large-area crystal growth","score":0.7749999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/iv-vi-semiconductors","display_name":"IV-VI semiconductors","score":0.8889999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crystal-morphology","display_name":"crystal morphology","score":0.625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/raman-phonon-modes","display_name":"Raman phonon modes","score":0.796999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/substrate-temperature","display_name":"substrate temperature","score":0.6949999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hydrogen-carrier-gas","display_name":"hydrogen carrier gas","score":0.7879999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mica-substrate","display_name":"mica substrate","score":0.7710000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sio2-si-substrate","display_name":"SiO2/Si substrate","score":0.9259999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/layered-semiconductors","display_name":"layered semiconductors","score":0.6800000071525574}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40003534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q862228","display_name":"Raman spectroscopy","level":2,"score":0.7430999875068665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.7279999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57410435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q505668","display_name":"Chemical vapor deposition","level":2,"score":0.5620999932289124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777289219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7632154","display_name":"Substrate (aquarium)","level":2,"score":0.5551999807357788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85725439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466686","display_name":"Anisotropy","level":2,"score":0.52920001745224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108649604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1065170","display_name":"Full width at half maximum","level":2,"score":0.521399974822998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207114421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133900","display_name":"Diffraction","level":2,"score":0.49390000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65682993","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1056451","display_name":"Reflection (computer programming)","level":2,"score":0.47510001063346863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781285689","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21921428","display_name":"Crystal (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.46540001034736633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780841128","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5073781","display_name":"Characterization (materials science)","level":2,"score":0.4462999999523163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26456737","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185154","display_name":"Crystal growth","level":2,"score":0.4415999948978424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781038479","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q114675","display_name":"Mica","level":2,"score":0.4323999881744385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113196181","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485223","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry (journal)","level":2,"score":0.42419999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44280652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104837","display_name":"Phase (matter)","level":2,"score":0.42340001463890076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8010536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160398","display_name":"Crystallography","level":1,"score":0.4205999970436096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24169881","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186608","display_name":"Phonon","level":2,"score":0.37720000743865967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C525849907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096","display_name":"Tin","level":2,"score":0.36550000309944153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108225325","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11456","display_name":"Semiconductor","level":2,"score":0.3587000072002411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50515024","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q826582","display_name":"X-ray crystallography","level":3,"score":0.3578999936580658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32891209","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483666","display_name":"Spectroscopy","level":2,"score":0.335099995136261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19067145","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1137203","display_name":"Thin film","level":2,"score":0.3093000054359436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.3089999854564667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45206210","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2415817","display_name":"Nanoscopic scale","level":2,"score":0.30390000343322754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170751736","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q503601","display_name":"Tetragonal crystal system","level":3,"score":0.29919999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73922627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q754943","display_name":"Single crystal","level":2,"score":0.29420000314712524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.2872999906539917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C512968161","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q556","display_name":"Hydrogen","level":2,"score":0.26260000467300415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149849071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1263816","display_name":"Chemical composition","level":2,"score":0.25099998712539673}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2609.28671","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.28671","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2609.28671","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2609.28671","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2609.28671","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2609.28671","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2609.28671","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.28671","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2609.28671","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7214339538.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7214339538.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1972664212","https://openalex.org/W1982475112","https://openalex.org/W1986073623","https://openalex.org/W2014808181","https://openalex.org/W2095354333","https://openalex.org/W2118466746","https://openalex.org/W2492456469","https://openalex.org/W2566347436","https://openalex.org/W2757003545","https://openalex.org/W2766502980","https://openalex.org/W2789651329","https://openalex.org/W2810153747","https://openalex.org/W2886758852","https://openalex.org/W2890631214","https://openalex.org/W2916408937","https://openalex.org/W2942544746","https://openalex.org/W2949132302","https://openalex.org/W2957055047","https://openalex.org/W3024335826","https://openalex.org/W3104429868","https://openalex.org/W3131671484","https://openalex.org/W3198738746","https://openalex.org/W4293203092","https://openalex.org/W4320920738","https://openalex.org/W4403143901","https://openalex.org/W4404940572","https://openalex.org/W4407042470","https://openalex.org/W4408058356","https://openalex.org/W4410550829","https://openalex.org/W4413735197","https://openalex.org/W4415370091","https://openalex.org/W4415436297","https://openalex.org/W7134127366"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2942652412","https://openalex.org/W4410550829","https://openalex.org/W3084862330","https://openalex.org/W2757003545","https://openalex.org/W2791757445","https://openalex.org/W2974502126","https://openalex.org/W4384933036","https://openalex.org/W7204846485","https://openalex.org/W1964951410","https://openalex.org/W3104429868"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Tin":[0],"monosulfide":[1],"(SnS)":[2],"is":[3],"a":[4,114,181,221],"layered":[5],"IV-VI":[6],"semiconductor":[7],"with":[8,44,69,79,119,161,196],"strong":[9],"in-plane":[10],"anisotropy":[11],"and":[12,17,24,48,62,96,145,155,167,172,180,193,235],"promising":[13],"properties":[14],"for":[15,225,231],"optoelectronic":[16],"ferroic":[18],"applications.":[19],"However,":[20],"obtaining":[21,226],"large,":[22],"continuous,":[23],"morphologically":[25],"well-defined":[26],"SnS":[27,38,67,116,135,228],"crystals":[28,39,68,179,205,229],"remains":[29],"challenging.":[30],"Here,":[31],"we":[32,65],"report":[33],"the":[34,53,80,88,97,127,150],"growth":[35,77,223],"of":[36,108,164],"large-area":[37,227],"using":[40,104],"chemical":[41],"vapor":[42],"deposition":[43],"separate":[45],"elemental":[46],"Sn":[47,81],"S":[49,89],"precursors.":[50],"By":[51],"controlling":[52],"precursor":[54],"temperatures,":[55],"source":[56,82,90],"positions,":[57],"substrate":[58,98],"temperature,":[59],"carrier-gas":[60],"flow,":[61,64],"hydrogen":[63],"obtain":[66],"lateral":[70,197],"dimensions":[71,198],"approaching":[72,199],"350":[73],"micrometers.":[74],"The":[75],"optimized":[76],"occurs":[78],"at":[83,91,138,215],"approximately":[84,92,139,165],"750":[85],"degrees":[86,94,102],"C,":[87,95,103],"230":[93],"maintained":[99],"near":[100,153],"650-680":[101],"Ar/H2":[105],"flow":[106],"rates":[107],"120/10":[109],"sccm.":[110],"X-ray":[111],"diffraction":[112],"shows":[113],"dominant":[115],"(111)":[117],"reflection":[118],"no":[120],"detectable":[121],"secondary":[122],"crystalline":[123],"tin-sulfide":[124],"phase":[125],"within":[126],"measurement":[128],"sensitivity.":[129],"Raman":[130],"spectroscopy":[131],"reveals":[132],"six":[133],"characteristic":[134],"phonon":[136],"modes":[137,152],"39.3,":[140],"48.8,":[141],"95.2,":[142],"165.0,":[143],"193.1,":[144],"219.1":[146],"cm^-1.":[147],"In":[148],"particular,":[149],"low-frequency":[151],"39":[154],"49":[156],"cm^-1":[157],"are":[158,209],"clearly":[159],"resolved":[160],"FWHM":[162],"values":[163],"2.52":[166],"2.37":[168],"cm^-1,":[169],"respectively.":[170],"SEM":[171],"AFM":[173],"measurements":[174],"further":[175,232],"show":[176],"large":[177],"continuous":[178],"relatively":[182],"smooth":[183],"nanoscale":[184],"surface.":[185],"Growth":[186],"on":[187,207],"mica":[188],"produces":[189],"more":[190,210],"regular":[191],"square":[192],"rectangular":[194],"flakes,":[195],"300":[200,202],"x":[201],"micrometers,":[203],"while":[204],"grown":[206],"SiO2/Si":[208],"frequently":[211],"fractured":[212],"or":[213],"irregular":[214],"their":[216],"edges.":[217],"These":[218],"results":[219],"demonstrate":[220],"practical":[222],"window":[224],"suitable":[230],"optical,":[233],"electrical,":[234],"device":[236],"studies.":[237]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2026-09-26T00:00:00"}
