{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7214330864","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.19.752854","title":"AMADEUS: Annotation-free multi-animal direction estimation using self-supervised learning","display_name":"AMADEUS: Annotation-free multi-animal direction estimation using self-supervised learning","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-09-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7214330864","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.19.752854"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.09.19.752854","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.19.752854","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.19.752854","pdf_url":"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2026/09/24/2026.09.19.752854.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402567","display_name":"bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2750212522","host_organization_name":"Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2750212522"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"bioRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2026/09/24/2026.09.19.752854.full.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057341899","display_name":"Yusuke Notomi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1378-0654","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1378-0654"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16656306","display_name":"Meiji University","ror":"https://ror.org/02rqvrp93","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16656306"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yusuke Notomi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Organization for the Strategic Coordination of Research and Intellectual Properties, Meiji University, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1378-0654","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Organization for the Strategic Coordination of Research and Intellectual Properties, Meiji University, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16656306"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068488239","display_name":"Kentarou Matsumura","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0906-373X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0906-373X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74801974","display_name":"The University of Tokyo","ror":"https://ror.org/057zh3y96","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74801974"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kentarou Matsumura","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of General Systems Studies, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0906-373X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of General Systems Studies, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74801974"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091796771","display_name":"Shigeto Dobata","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1586-6758","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1586-6758"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74801974","display_name":"The University of Tokyo","ror":"https://ror.org/057zh3y96","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74801974"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Shigeto Dobata","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of General Systems Studies, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1586-6758","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of General Systems Studies, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74801974"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5091796771"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74801974"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9369999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9369999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10812","display_name":"Human Pose and Action Recognition","score":0.010400000028312206,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.009399999864399433,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multi-animal-tracking","display_name":"multi-animal tracking","score":0.9430000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markerless-tracking","display_name":"markerless tracking","score":0.8410000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/self-supervised-learning","display_name":"self-supervised learning","score":0.8240000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oriented-bounding-box-detection","display_name":"oriented bounding box detection","score":0.7409999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/copy-paste-augmentation","display_name":"copy-paste augmentation","score":0.7670000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contrastive-learning","display_name":"contrastive learning","score":0.746999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identity-verification","display_name":"identity verification","score":0.8109999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/occlusion","display_name":"occlusion","score":0.7139999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crowding","display_name":"crowding","score":0.6859999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/insect-behavior","display_name":"insect behavior","score":0.33899998664855957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mouse-behavior","display_name":"mouse behavior","score":0.49900001287460327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fly-behavior","display_name":"fly behavior","score":0.5849999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ant-behavior","display_name":"ant behavior","score":0.5809999704360962}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7842000126838684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.6575000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6452999711036682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775936607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466845","display_name":"Tracking (education)","level":2,"score":0.5810999870300293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63584917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333286","display_name":"Bounding overwatch","level":2,"score":0.5767999887466431},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778355321","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17079427","display_name":"Identity (music)","level":2,"score":0.559499979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.557200014591217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776321320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q857525","display_name":"Annotation","level":2,"score":0.45719999074935913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4230000078678131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52102323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1671968","display_name":"Pose","level":2,"score":0.41130000352859497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780312720","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5689100","display_name":"Head (geology)","level":2,"score":0.3944999873638153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.390500009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.36000001430511475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51632099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3985153","display_name":"Training set","level":2,"score":0.34950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83248878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q344000","display_name":"Active appearance model","level":3,"score":0.3368000090122223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.29010000824928284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147037132","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6865426","display_name":"Minimum bounding box","level":3,"score":0.2793999910354614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.26669999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.2639999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.2549000084400177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96250715","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q965330","display_name":"Estimation","level":2,"score":0.25290000438690186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207347870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q371174","display_name":"Gesture","level":2,"score":0.2524000108242035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160920958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7662746","display_name":"Synthetic data","level":2,"score":0.251800000667572}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.09.19.752854","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.19.752854","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.19.752854","pdf_url":"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2026/09/24/2026.09.19.752854.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402567","display_name":"bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2750212522","host_organization_name":"Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2750212522"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"bioRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.09.19.752854","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.19.752854","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.19.752854","pdf_url":"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2026/09/24/2026.09.19.752854.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402567","display_name":"bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2750212522","host_organization_name":"Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2750212522"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"bioRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3753957589","display_name":"\u81ea\u5f8b\u5206\u6563\u578b\u30a4\u30f3\u30d5\u30e9\u6574\u5099\u884c\u52d5\u306e\u5c40\u6240\u30eb\u30fc\u30eb\u3068\u67d4\u8edf\u306a\u96c6\u56e3\u63a1\u990c\u6700\u9069\u5316","funder_award_id":"26KJ0327","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4593070657","display_name":"Sociality in the Wild: Exploring Unique Genomic Foundations Underlying Advanced Indirect Genetic Effects","funder_award_id":"26K02091","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5842930302","display_name":"Community First Theory: A theory and experiments on Evolution of Individuality, Diversity  and Spontaneity","funder_award_id":"24H00707","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6911749457","display_name":"\u9ad8\u7cbe\u5ea6\u306a\u52d5\u7684\u59ff\u52e2\u63a8\u5b9a\u306b\u3088\u308b\u30a2\u30ea\u306e\u89e6\u89d2\u30bb\u30f3\u30b7\u30f3\u30b0\u304a\u3088\u3073\u500b\u4f53\u9593\u60c5\u5831\u4f1d\u9054\u6a5f\u69cb\u306e\u89e3\u660e","funder_award_id":"23KJ0665","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320315052","display_name":"Meiji University","ror":"https://ror.org/02rqvrp93"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","ror":"https://ror.org/00hhkn466"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337380","display_name":"Division of Mathematical Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/051fftw81"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7214330864.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7214330864.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":2,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W4402953396","https://openalex.org/W6968040171"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4413335379","https://openalex.org/W4415589492","https://openalex.org/W4407304375","https://openalex.org/W7160092508","https://openalex.org/W7221526452","https://openalex.org/W4390938453","https://openalex.org/W4406825011","https://openalex.org/W3186748047","https://openalex.org/W2040571782","https://openalex.org/W4414510567"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Markerless":[1],"multi-animal":[2],"tracking":[3,33,131],"has":[4],"advanced":[5],"rapidly,":[6],"yet":[7],"measuring":[8],"social":[9],"interactions":[10,140],"among":[11],"visually":[12],"similar":[13],"animals":[14],"remains":[15],"challenging":[16],"during":[17],"occlusion":[18],"and":[19,57,76,83,122,132],"crowding.":[20],"Here":[21],"we":[22],"present":[23],"AMADEUS":[24,44,97,125,135],"(Annotation-free":[25],"Multi-Animal":[26],"Direction":[27],"Estimation":[28],"Using":[29],"Self-supervised":[30],"learning),":[31],"a":[32,89],"system":[34],"that":[35],"requires":[36],"neither":[37],"manual":[38],"training":[39],"annotation":[40],"nor":[41],"physical":[42],"marking.":[43],"extracts":[45],"masks":[46],"representing":[47],"single":[48],"animals,":[49],"uses":[50,99],"movement":[51],"direction":[52],"to":[53],"assign":[54],"head":[55,77],"direction,":[56,78],"then":[58],"synthesizes":[59],"interaction":[60],"images":[61],"using":[62],"copy-paste":[63],"augmentation.":[64],"A":[65],"detector":[66],"trained":[67],"on":[68],"the":[69],"synthetic":[70],"dataset":[71],"estimates":[72],"oriented":[73],"bounding":[74],"boxes":[75],"from":[79],"which":[80],"center,":[81],"front":[82],"rear":[84],"keypoints":[85],"are":[86],"derived.":[87],"For":[88],"video":[90],"containing":[91],"instances":[92],"of":[93,108,139],"almost":[94],"complete":[95],"occlusion,":[96],"additionally":[98],"contrastive":[100],"learning":[101],"for":[102],"identity":[103,130],"verification.":[104],"Across":[105],"benchmark":[106],"videos":[107],"10":[109,111],"mice,":[110],"fish,":[112],"32":[113,115],"beetles,":[114],"ants":[116],"with":[117],"one":[118],"cricket,":[119],"60":[120],"flies,":[121],"368":[123],"ants,":[124],"outperformed":[126],"state-of-the-art":[127],"methods":[128],"in":[129],"keypoint":[133],"localization.":[134],"enables":[136],"scalable":[137],"quantification":[138],"across":[141],"diverse":[142],"species.":[143]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2026-09-26T00:00:00"}