{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7214320117","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina62101863","title":"Phrenic Nerve Interventions for the Prevention and Management of Prolonged Air Leak and Residual Pleural Space After Pulmonary Resection: A Structured Narrative Review","display_name":"Phrenic Nerve Interventions for the Prevention and Management of Prolonged Air Leak and Residual Pleural Space After Pulmonary Resection: A Structured Narrative Review","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-09-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7214320117","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina62101863","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42942394","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/13707094"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/medicina62101863","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina62101863","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina62101863","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S1008817457","display_name":"Medicina","issn_l":"1010-660X","issn":["1010-660X","1648-9144"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","medline","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Medicina","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina62101863","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125295055","display_name":"L\u00e1szl\u00f3 Feh\u00e9r","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162871001","display_name":"University of Oradea","ror":"https://ror.org/00wzhv093","country_code":"RO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162871001"]}],"countries":["RO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"L\u00e1szl\u00f3 Feh\u00e9r","raw_affiliation_strings":["Doctoral School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 1 December Sq., 410081 Oradea, Romania"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Doctoral School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 1 December Sq., 410081 Oradea, Romania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162871001"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013861551","display_name":"Mircea Ioan \u015eandor","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8967-0059","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8967-0059"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162871001","display_name":"University of Oradea","ror":"https://ror.org/00wzhv093","country_code":"RO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162871001"]}],"countries":["RO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mircea Ioan \u0218andor","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Surgical Disciplines, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 1st University Street, 410087 Oradea, Romania"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8967-0059","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Surgical Disciplines, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 1st University Street, 410087 Oradea, Romania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162871001"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056632148","display_name":"Gabriel Veniamin Cozma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1646-9319","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1646-9319"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210088791","display_name":"Victor Babe\u0219 University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timi\u0219oara","ror":"https://ror.org/00afdp487","country_code":"RO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210088791"]}],"countries":["RO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gabriel Veniamin Cozma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Discipline of Surgical Semiology 1, Thoracic Surgery, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Victor Babes, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Discipline of Surgical Semiology 1, Thoracic Surgery, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Victor Babes, 300041 Timisoara, Romania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210088791"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024408097","display_name":"Cristian Marius Daina","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162871001","display_name":"University of Oradea","ror":"https://ror.org/00wzhv093","country_code":"RO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162871001"]}],"countries":["RO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cristian Marius Daina","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psycho-Neurosciences and Recovery, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 1 December Sq., 410081 Oradea, Romania"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psycho-Neurosciences and Recovery, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 1 December Sq., 410081 Oradea, Romania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162871001"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061350971","display_name":"Timea Claudia Ghitea","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8981-1958","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8981-1958"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162871001","display_name":"University of Oradea","ror":"https://ror.org/00wzhv093","country_code":"RO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162871001"]}],"countries":["RO"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Timea Claudia Ghitea","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 1 December Sq., 410081 Oradea, Romania"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8981-1958","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 1 December Sq., 410081 Oradea, Romania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162871001"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5143533791","display_name":"Rare\u0219 Cristian Daina","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162871001","display_name":"University of Oradea","ror":"https://ror.org/00wzhv093","country_code":"RO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162871001"]}],"countries":["RO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rare\u0219 Cristian Daina","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 1 December Sq., 410081 Oradea, Romania"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 1 December Sq., 410081 Oradea, Romania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162871001"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5143589181","display_name":"M\u0103d\u0103lina Diana Feh\u00e9r","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-4390-2778","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0006-4390-2778"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162871001","display_name":"University of Oradea","ror":"https://ror.org/00wzhv093","country_code":"RO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162871001"]}],"countries":["RO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M\u0103d\u0103lina Diana Feh\u00e9r","raw_affiliation_strings":["Doctoral School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 1 December Sq., 410081 Oradea, Romania"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-4390-2778","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Doctoral School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 1 December Sq., 410081 Oradea, Romania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162871001"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5061350971"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162871001"],"apc_list":{"value":2200,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2654},"apc_paid":{"value":2200,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2654},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.54393025,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"62","issue":"10","first_page":"1863","last_page":"1863"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11356","display_name":"Pleural and Pulmonary Diseases","score":0.8920999765396118,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11356","display_name":"Pleural and Pulmonary Diseases","score":0.8920999765396118,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10202","display_name":"Lung Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment","score":0.055399999022483826,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10189","display_name":"Anesthesia and Pain Management","score":0.025800000876188278,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prolonged-air-leak","display_name":"persistent air leak","score":0.9810000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lung-resection","display_name":"lung resection","score":0.9240000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hemidiaphragm-elevation","display_name":"hemidiaphragm elevation","score":0.7950000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/botulinum-toxin","display_name":"botulinum toxin","score":0.9440000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/postoperative-complications","display_name":"postoperative complications","score":0.7110000252723694}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.9358000159263611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778715236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55622662","display_name":"Discontinuation","level":2,"score":0.6567999720573425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168563851","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1436668","display_name":"Randomized controlled trial","level":2,"score":0.5928999781608582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C535046627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30612","display_name":"Clinical trial","level":2,"score":0.5414000153541565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020000205","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2412849","display_name":"Narrative review","level":2,"score":0.5236999988555908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777099253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q737313","display_name":"Phrenic nerve","level":3,"score":0.49639999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177713679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q679690","display_name":"Intensive care medicine","level":1,"score":0.49540001153945923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780378346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1349983","display_name":"Leak","level":2,"score":0.45809999108314514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141071460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40821","display_name":"Surgery","level":1,"score":0.4325000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27415008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7256382","display_name":"Psychological intervention","level":2,"score":0.42969998717308044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42219234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131130","display_name":"Anesthesia","level":1,"score":0.3944000005722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779127879","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192398","display_name":"Pleural cavity","level":2,"score":0.3880999982357025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19648533","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q691640","display_name":"Evidence-based medicine","level":3,"score":0.3208000063896179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779473830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540899","display_name":"MEDLINE","level":2,"score":0.31139999628067017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777297899","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q298191","display_name":"Esophagectomy","level":4,"score":0.303600013256073}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010791","descriptor_name":"Phrenic Nerve","qualifier_ui":"Q000503","qualifier_name":"physiopathology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D010791","descriptor_name":"Phrenic Nerve","qualifier_ui":"Q000601","qualifier_name":"surgery","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011013","descriptor_name":"Pneumonectomy","qualifier_ui":"Q000009","qualifier_name":"adverse effects","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011013","descriptor_name":"Pneumonectomy","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011183","descriptor_name":"Postoperative Complications","qualifier_ui":"Q000517","qualifier_name":"prevention & control","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D035422","descriptor_name":"Pleural Cavity","qualifier_ui":"Q000503","qualifier_name":"physiopathology","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/medicina62101863","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina62101863","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina62101863","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S1008817457","display_name":"Medicina","issn_l":"1010-660X","issn":["1010-660X","1648-9144"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","medline","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Medicina","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13707094","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13707094/","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13707094/pdf/medicina-62-01863.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Medicina (Kaunas)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:42942394","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42942394","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania)","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:85ee67edf6af442d8bab1e8fdb424e95","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/85ee67edf6af442d8bab1e8fdb424e95","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Medicina, Vol 62, Iss 10, p 1863 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/medicina62101863","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina62101863","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina62101863","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S1008817457","display_name":"Medicina","issn_l":"1010-660X","issn":["1010-660X","1648-9144"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","medline","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Medicina","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7214320117.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7214320117.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":79,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W178176148","https://openalex.org/W1972696650","https://openalex.org/W1985969785","https://openalex.org/W2002010974","https://openalex.org/W2002316821","https://openalex.org/W2005595515","https://openalex.org/W2006678453","https://openalex.org/W2008485560","https://openalex.org/W2009442346","https://openalex.org/W2009864742","https://openalex.org/W2010012177","https://openalex.org/W2018046415","https://openalex.org/W2022028038","https://openalex.org/W2027677725","https://openalex.org/W2028878782","https://openalex.org/W2032628652","https://openalex.org/W2039778715","https://openalex.org/W2044297170","https://openalex.org/W2047569913","https://openalex.org/W2055425017","https://openalex.org/W2062035161","https://openalex.org/W2070261606","https://openalex.org/W2075568006","https://openalex.org/W2075578829","https://openalex.org/W2084301952","https://openalex.org/W2090928103","https://openalex.org/W2107263531","https://openalex.org/W2110943746","https://openalex.org/W2117919197","https://openalex.org/W2120962827","https://openalex.org/W2123288435","https://openalex.org/W2123755330","https://openalex.org/W2135188675","https://openalex.org/W2137438205","https://openalex.org/W2139565444","https://openalex.org/W2148461976","https://openalex.org/W2152961375","https://openalex.org/W2154776161","https://openalex.org/W2162790378","https://openalex.org/W2171795293","https://openalex.org/W2286890651","https://openalex.org/W2316718311","https://openalex.org/W2411624229","https://openalex.org/W2519672007","https://openalex.org/W2557677783","https://openalex.org/W2564300885","https://openalex.org/W2574023990","https://openalex.org/W2737413206","https://openalex.org/W2790725929","https://openalex.org/W2793315519","https://openalex.org/W2884723967","https://openalex.org/W2885640557","https://openalex.org/W2889488177","https://openalex.org/W2905041239","https://openalex.org/W2907578338","https://openalex.org/W2954373233","https://openalex.org/W2970684805","https://openalex.org/W3046532871","https://openalex.org/W3092801662","https://openalex.org/W3112865410","https://openalex.org/W3118012399","https://openalex.org/W3157356454","https://openalex.org/W3176864082","https://openalex.org/W3177133250","https://openalex.org/W4224112031","https://openalex.org/W4224320886","https://openalex.org/W4285034447","https://openalex.org/W4318777256","https://openalex.org/W4322389671","https://openalex.org/W4381470078","https://openalex.org/W4385835128","https://openalex.org/W4386467457","https://openalex.org/W4390367696","https://openalex.org/W4404095614","https://openalex.org/W4407948283","https://openalex.org/W4412456869","https://openalex.org/W7122574780","https://openalex.org/W7133204971","https://openalex.org/W7161162747"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2574023990","https://openalex.org/W4239807941","https://openalex.org/W4404095614","https://openalex.org/W2884723967","https://openalex.org/W7212529221","https://openalex.org/W2765566953","https://openalex.org/W4312827925","https://openalex.org/W3044556037","https://openalex.org/W2032628652","https://openalex.org/W7113901135"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Background":[0],"and":[1,7,36,45,54,77,92,100,115,133,147,163,191,220,233,256],"Objectives:":[2],"Prolonged":[3],"air":[4],"leak":[5],"(PAL)":[6],"residual":[8],"pleural":[9,27],"space":[10],"(RPS)":[11],"remain":[12],"frequent":[13],"complications":[14],"after":[15,126],"pulmonary":[16],"resection.":[17],"Temporary":[18],"phrenic":[19,204],"nerve":[20,215],"modulation":[21,216],"has":[22,123,157,168],"been":[23,158,170],"proposed":[24],"to":[25,50,141,235],"reduce":[26],"cavity":[28],"volume":[29],"by":[30],"elevating":[31],"the":[32,101,129,228],"ipsilateral":[33],"hemidiaphragm.":[34],"Materials":[35],"Methods:":[37],"This":[38],"structured":[39],"narrative":[40],"review":[41],"searched":[42],"PubMed/MEDLINE,":[43],"Scopus,":[44],"Google":[46],"Scholar":[47],"from":[48],"inception":[49],"30":[51],"June":[52],"2026":[53],"screened":[55],"reference":[56],"lists.":[57],"Direct":[58,107],"evidence":[59,109,229],"was":[60],"defined":[61],"as":[62,83],"human":[63],"post-resection":[64],"studies":[65,79],"reporting":[66],"PAL,":[67],"air-leak":[68,260],"duration,":[69,71],"drainage":[70],"or":[72,87,206,239,258],"RPS;":[73],"shoulder-pain,":[74],"interscalene-block,":[75],"historical,":[76],"preclinical":[78],"were":[80,95],"retained":[81],"only":[82],"indirect":[84],"mechanistic,":[85],"technical,":[86],"safety":[88,149],"context.":[89],"Randomized":[90],"trials":[91,114,135,180,244],"case":[93,119],"series":[94],"appraised":[96],"using":[97],"RoB":[98],"2":[99],"JBI":[102],"case-series":[103],"tool,":[104],"respectively.":[105],"Results:":[106],"clinical":[108,131,148],"comprises":[110],"three":[111,142],"single-center":[112],"randomized":[113],"two":[116,178],"small":[117],"uncontrolled":[118],"series.":[120],"Pharmacological":[121],"blockade":[122],"demonstrated":[124],"recovery":[125,137],"discontinuation":[127],"in":[128,172,186,223],"available":[130],"studies,":[132],"cryoneuroablation":[134,179],"reported":[136,181],"within":[138],"30\u201360":[139],"days":[140],"months.":[143],"Evidence":[144],"of":[145],"reversibility":[146],"remains":[150],"insufficient":[151],"for":[152,164,174],"historical":[153],"mechanical":[154],"compression,":[155],"which":[156,167],"associated":[159],"with":[160],"persistent":[161],"dysfunction,":[162],"botulinum":[165],"toxin,":[166],"not":[169],"evaluated":[171],"humans":[173],"this":[175],"indication.":[176],"The":[177],"discordant":[182],"primary":[183],"results;":[184],"differences":[185],"patient":[187],"risk,":[188],"surgical":[189],"era,":[190],"outcome":[192],"measurement":[193],"are":[194],"hypotheses":[195],"rather":[196],"than":[197],"established":[198,208],"explanations.":[199],"No":[200],"head-to-head":[201],"comparison":[202],"between":[203],"techniques":[205],"against":[207],"space-reduction":[209],"methods":[210],"is":[211,217,230],"available.":[212],"Conclusions:":[213],"Phrenic":[214],"biologically":[218],"plausible":[219],"clinically":[221],"promising":[222],"selected":[224],"research":[225],"populations,":[226],"but":[227],"too":[231],"limited":[232],"heterogeneous":[234],"support":[236],"routine":[237],"use":[238],"comparative":[240],"recommendations.":[241],"Future":[242],"multicenter":[243],"should":[245],"mandate":[246],"validated":[247],"PAL-risk":[248],"stratification,":[249],"prespecified":[250],"respiratory-reserve":[251],"criteria,":[252],"standardized":[253],"PAL/RPS":[254],"outcomes,":[255],"time-to-resolution":[257],"digital":[259],"measures.":[261]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2026-09-26T00:00:00"}
