{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7214317609","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22954551","title":"\u300aConfinement at the Limit: Engineering Burning Plasma Across Competing Fusion Architectures\u300b is a flagship-scale research volume examining one of the central challenges of fusion energy:","display_name":"\u300aConfinement at the Limit: Engineering Burning Plasma Across Competing Fusion Architectures\u300b is a flagship-scale research volume examining one of the central challenges of fusion energy:","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-09-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7214317609","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22954551"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.22954551","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22954551","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22954551","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Event"},"volume":null,"type":"other","is_traditional":false,"indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22954551","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"33","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"33","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10346","display_name":"Magnetic confinement fusion research","score":0.9442999958992004,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3106","display_name":"Nuclear and High Energy Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10346","display_name":"Magnetic confinement fusion research","score":0.9442999958992004,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3106","display_name":"Nuclear and High Energy Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13769","display_name":"Fusion and Plasma Physics Studies","score":0.04039999842643738,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3109","display_name":"Statistical and Nonlinear Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10592","display_name":"Fusion materials and technologies","score":0.009499999694526196,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2505","display_name":"Materials Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fusion-plasma-confinement","display_name":"fusion plasma confinement","score":0.5759999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tokamak","display_name":"tokamak","score":0.6169999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stellarator","display_name":"stellarator","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inertial-confinement-fusion","display_name":"inertial confinement fusion","score":0.9810000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hts-magnets","display_name":"high-temperature superconducting magnets","score":0.921999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/plasma-heating","display_name":"plasma heating","score":0.9120000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/plasma-fueling","display_name":"plasma fueling","score":0.8450000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/plasma-diagnostics","display_name":"plasma diagnostics","score":0.8989999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disruption-prediction","display_name":"disruption prediction","score":0.9319999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-twin","display_name":"digital twin","score":0.9200000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/divertor","display_name":"divertor","score":0.9570000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/long-pulse-operation","display_name":"long pulse operation","score":0.9810000061988831}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82706917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10251","display_name":"Plasma","level":2,"score":0.6549999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24671956","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q641442","display_name":"Fusion power","level":3,"score":0.6140000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20556612","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4469374","display_name":"Volume (thermodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.5095000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160988588","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q939954","display_name":"Magnetic confinement fusion","level":4,"score":0.4918999969959259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158525013","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2593739","display_name":"Fusion","level":2,"score":0.4797999858856201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116915560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83504","display_name":"Nuclear engineering","level":1,"score":0.47099998593330383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.38440001010894775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.3831999897956848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.36570000648498535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3490000069141388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168167062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1117970","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.34599998593330383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.3361000120639801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C423512","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q383973","display_name":"Electricity generation","level":3,"score":0.32440000772476196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.3116999864578247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.31029999256134033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69786480","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2406276","display_name":"Dense plasma focus","level":3,"score":0.30649998784065247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107430045","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1364409","display_name":"Inertial confinement fusion","level":3,"score":0.30079999566078186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.29490000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199822604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q557120","display_name":"Duty cycle","level":3,"score":0.2930000126361847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.27250000834465027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69285833","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13082","display_name":"Nuclear fusion","level":2,"score":0.2705000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.2628999948501587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.262800008058548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91306197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45767","display_name":"Competition (biology)","level":2,"score":0.25060001015663147}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.22954551","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22954551","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22954551","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Event"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.22954552","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22954552","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22954552","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Event"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.22954551","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22954551","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22954551","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Event"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.75,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7214394161","https://openalex.org/W4415960405","https://openalex.org/W6885002814","https://openalex.org/W7047415276","https://openalex.org/W128545564","https://openalex.org/W1002514195","https://openalex.org/W7214020659","https://openalex.org/W7097618882","https://openalex.org/W3201966190","https://openalex.org/W4232564356"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"\u300aConfinement":[0],"at":[1,751],"the":[2,19,31,70,123,152,161,180,205,266,367,380,388,493,517,598,630,752,780,791],"Limit:":[3],"Engineering":[4,134,156],"Burning":[5],"Plasma":[6,131,146,278],"Across":[7],"Competing":[8],"Fusion":[9,41],"Architectures\u300b":[10],"is":[11,68,144,369,738,754,763],"a":[12,37,64,74,113,120,246,252,419,437,580,589,651,655,745,757,764,768,812],"flagship-scale":[13],"research":[14,42,308,514,660,675],"volume":[15],"examining":[16],"one":[17,385],"of":[18,22,255,366,422,440,520,535,588,766],"central":[20,128],"challenges":[21,559],"fusion":[23,80,154,240,426,527,782],"energy:":[24],"Which":[25,788,798],"confinement":[26,52,111,262,372,404,423,501,769],"architecture":[27,206,373,427,462,502,770,799],"can":[28,183,691,771,800],"successfully":[29],"survive":[30,772],"transition":[32],"from":[33,384,391],"plasma":[34,66,85,125,339,350,431,545,583,696,802],"performance":[35,432,467],"to":[36,159,311,321,776],"practical":[38,662],"power":[39,75],"plant?":[40],"has":[43],"produced":[44],"increasingly":[45],"impressive":[46,793],"results":[47],"across":[48,215],"tokamaks,":[49],"stellarators,":[50],"inertial":[51,330],"systems,":[53,168,333,719],"pulsed":[54,334],"concepts,":[55,335],"high-field":[56],"superconducting":[57,337],"machines,":[58,608],"and":[59,105,173,192,213,257,294,319,359,414,486,504,523,549,570,625,647,667,709,811],"hybrid":[60],"approaches.":[61],"Yet":[62],"achieving":[63],"strong":[65],"result":[67,383,390],"not":[69,244,300,375,578,732,755,785],"same":[71,599],"as":[72,112,119,302,436,579,586,740],"building":[73],"plant.":[76,248],"A":[77,363,371,399,425],"commercially":[78],"meaningful":[79],"system":[81,116,401,707],"must":[82,394,402],"simultaneously":[83],"manage":[84],"stability,":[86],"driver":[87],"efficiency,":[88],"magnetic":[89,602],"stress,":[90,616],"heat":[91],"exhaust,":[92],"duty":[93,445],"cycle,":[94,446],"fueling,":[95,341,412],"control":[96,454,479,532,555,591,699,726],"latency,":[97,564],"recirculating":[98,442],"power,":[99,443],"component":[100,451,484],"lifetime,":[101,624],"maintainability,":[102],"manufacturing,":[103,623],"availability,":[104],"reproducibility.":[106,489],"This":[107,235,417],"book":[108,250,324,494,574,758],"therefore":[109,575],"approaches":[110],"complete":[114,181],"engineering":[115,258,506,632,711,806],"rather":[117,743],"than":[118,744],"competition":[121],"for":[122,260,582],"highest":[124],"gain.":[126],"Its":[127],"progression":[129],"is:":[130,221],"Performance":[132,290,393],"\u2192":[133,136,139,679,681,683,685],"Gain":[135,138],"Plant":[137,176],"Fleet":[140,197,295],"Reproducibility.":[141,296],"The":[142,249,323,513,573,634,670],"distinction":[143],"essential.":[145],"gain":[147,157,177],"measures":[148],"what":[149,505],"happens":[150],"inside":[151],"confined":[153],"system.":[155,633],"begins":[158],"include":[160,265],"energy":[162,186],"required":[163,775],"by":[164,378],"drivers,":[165],"magnets,":[166,338,724],"cryogenic":[167,619],"pumping,":[169],"heating,":[170,340],"diagnostics,":[171,342],"control,":[172,351,411],"auxiliary":[174],"infrastructure.":[175,778],"asks":[178,199],"whether":[179,767],"facility":[182],"export":[184],"useful":[185,400,472],"after":[187],"internal":[188],"loads,":[189,620],"outages,":[190],"maintenance,":[191,413,482],"conversion":[193],"losses":[194],"are":[195,299,307,595],"included.":[196],"reproducibility":[198],"an":[200,461,644,741],"even":[201],"harder":[202],"question:":[203],"Can":[204],"be":[207,376,396,693],"manufactured,":[208],"operated,":[209],"repaired,":[210],"licensed,":[211],"financed,":[212],"repeated":[214],"many":[216],"plants?":[217],"One":[218],"representative":[219],"framework":[220,673],"Q_plant":[222],"=":[223],"E_useful,out":[224],"/":[225],"(E_driver":[226],"+":[227,229,231,233],"E_magnets":[228],"E_cryo":[230],"E_pumps":[232],"E_control)":[234],"formulation":[236],"emphasizes":[237],"that":[238,730],"high":[239,447],"output":[241],"alone":[242],"does":[243,499,508],"guarantee":[245],"viable":[247],"develops":[251],"broader":[253,420],"family":[254],"mathematical":[256],"metrics":[259],"studying":[261],"systems.":[263],"These":[264,297],"Confinement":[267,750],"Fitness":[268],"Index,":[269,291],"Recirculating":[270],"Power":[271],"Fraction,":[272],"Long-Pulse":[273],"Factor,":[274],"Magnet":[275],"Safety":[276],"Margin,":[277,280],"Control":[279,284],"Digital-Twin":[281],"Fidelity,":[282],"Autonomous":[283],"Score,":[285],"Core-Edge":[286],"Exhaust":[287],"Closure,":[288],"Integrated":[289],"Pilot":[292,682],"Readiness,":[293],"equations":[298],"presented":[301],"final":[303,635],"scientific":[304],"laws.":[305],"They":[306],"instruments":[309],"intended":[310],"make":[312],"architectural":[313],"tradeoffs":[314],"more":[315,471,606],"visible,":[316],"measurable,":[317],"comparable,":[318],"open":[320],"revision.":[322],"explores":[325],"tokamak":[326],"confinement,":[327,331],"stellarator":[328],"optimization,":[329],"magneto-inertial":[332],"high-temperature":[336],"disruption":[343],"prediction,":[344,566],"digital":[345,524,701],"twins,":[346,702],"machine":[347,789],"learning,":[348],"autonomous":[349,551,725],"edge":[352],"physics,":[353,584],"divertors,":[354],"first-wall":[355],"interactions,":[356],"long-pulse":[357],"operation,":[358,477],"advanced":[360,723],"fuel":[361],"pathways.":[362],"major":[364],"theme":[365],"work":[368],"integration.":[370],"should":[374],"judged":[377],"combining":[379],"best":[381,389],"isolated":[382],"experiment":[386],"with":[387,463],"another.":[392],"eventually":[395],"demonstrated":[397],"simultaneously.":[398],"sustain":[403],"while":[405,433],"also":[406,515,611],"satisfying":[407],"thermal,":[408],"magnetic,":[409],"structural,":[410],"economic":[415],"constraints.":[416],"creates":[418],"concept":[421],"fitness.":[424],"may":[428,468,529,604,784,796],"achieve":[429],"excellent":[430],"performing":[434],"poorly":[435],"plant":[438,809],"because":[439],"excessive":[441],"low":[444],"maintenance":[448],"burden,":[449,480],"difficult":[450],"replacement,":[452],"unstable":[453],"requirements,":[455],"or":[456,728],"poor":[457],"manufacturing":[458,718],"scalability.":[459],"Conversely,":[460],"less":[464],"dramatic":[465],"peak":[466],"ultimately":[469,786],"become":[470,777],"if":[473],"it":[474,509,649],"offers":[475],"stable":[476],"lower":[478],"easier":[481],"longer":[483],"life,":[485],"better":[487],"fleet":[488],"For":[490],"this":[491,748],"reason,":[492],"repeatedly":[495],"asks:":[496],"What":[497],"advantage":[498,628],"each":[500],"gain,":[503,807],"burden":[507],"accept":[510],"in":[511,597],"exchange?":[512],"examines":[516],"increasing":[518],"role":[519],"artificial":[521],"intelligence":[522],"twins.":[525],"Future":[526],"plants":[528],"require":[530,714],"predictive":[531],"systems":[533],"capable":[534],"detecting":[536],"instability,":[537],"forecasting":[538],"disruption,":[539],"adapting":[540],"operating":[541],"scenarios,":[542],"estimating":[543],"hidden":[544],"states,":[546],"coordinating":[547],"actuators,":[548],"supporting":[550],"recovery.":[552],"However,":[553],"AI":[554,577],"introduces":[556],"its":[557],"own":[558],"involving":[560,615],"uncertainty,":[561],"distribution":[562],"shift,":[563],"rare-event":[565],"sensor":[567],"degradation,":[568],"interpretability,":[569],"safety-critical":[571],"decision-making.":[572],"treats":[576],"replacement":[581],"but":[585,609],"part":[587],"larger":[590],"architecture.":[592],"High-temperature":[593],"superconductors":[594],"examined":[596],"way.":[600],"Stronger":[601],"fields":[603],"enable":[605],"compact":[607],"they":[610],"introduce":[612],"new":[613,717],"questions":[614],"quench":[617],"protection,":[618],"structural":[621],"support,":[622],"maintainability.":[626],"Every":[627],"changes":[629],"surrounding":[631],"section":[636],"contains":[637],"200":[638],"Research":[639,689,736],"Gates.":[640],"Each":[641,735],"gate":[642],"identifies":[643],"unresolved":[645],"question":[646,783],"extends":[648],"through":[650,695],"structured":[652],"pathway":[653],"including":[654],"core":[656],"question,":[657],"three-coupling":[658],"framework,":[659],"move,":[661],"development":[663],"stage,":[664],"indicative":[665],"horizon,":[666],"success":[668,803],"signal.":[669],"Practical":[671],"Stage":[672],"classifies":[674],"pathways":[676],"as:":[677],"Now":[678],"Prototype":[680],"Infrastructure":[684],"Long":[686,815],"Horizon.":[687],"Some":[688],"Gates":[690],"already":[692],"explored":[694],"experiments,":[697,706],"simulation,":[698],"algorithms,":[700],"magnet":[703],"testing,":[704],"materials":[705],"modeling,":[708],"integrated":[710],"demonstrations.":[712],"Others":[713],"pilot":[715],"plants,":[716],"long-duration":[720],"irradiation":[721],"data,":[722],"infrastructure,":[727],"technologies":[729],"do":[731],"yet":[733],"exist.":[734],"Gate":[737],"designed":[739],"entrance":[742],"conclusion.":[746],"In":[747],"sense,":[749],"Limit":[753],"simply":[756],"about":[759],"containing":[760],"plasma.":[761],"It":[762,795],"study":[765],"every":[773],"transformation":[774],"Because":[779],"decisive":[781],"be:":[787,797],"produces":[790],"most":[792],"plasma?":[794],"convert":[801],"into":[804],"reliable":[805],"positive":[808],"performance,":[810],"reproducible":[813],"fleet?":[814],"Memory":[816],"\u00b7":[817],"Perpetual":[818],"Transmission.":[819]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-28T10:33:24.094632","created_date":"2026-09-26T00:00:00"}