{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7214239806","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31223/x5fr4j","title":"Three-Dimensional Numerical Modeling of Glacier Flow and U-Shaped Valley Evolution in Subtropical Taiwan","display_name":"Three-Dimensional Numerical Modeling of Glacier Flow and U-Shaped Valley Evolution in Subtropical Taiwan","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-09-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7214239806","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31223/x5fr4j"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.31223/x5fr4j","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31223/x5fr4j","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.31223/x5fr4j","pdf_url":"https://eartharxiv.org/repository/object/15154/download/26281/","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://eartharxiv.org/repository/object/15154/download/26281/","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020958893","display_name":"Hsueh-Chen Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1783-9606","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1783-9606"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I214539897","display_name":"Wenzao Ursuline University of Languages","ror":"https://ror.org/014k07p29","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I214539897"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hsueh-Chen Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for General Education , Wenzao Ursuline University of Languages , Kaohsiung , Taiwan","Wenzao Ursuline University of Languages , Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1783-9606","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for General Education , Wenzao Ursuline University of Languages , Kaohsiung , Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I214539897"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wenzao Ursuline University of Languages , Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I214539897"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5020958893"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I214539897"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10644","display_name":"Cryospheric studies and observations","score":0.9937000274658203,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10644","display_name":"Cryospheric studies and observations","score":0.9937000274658203,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10017","display_name":"Geology and Paleoclimatology Research","score":0.002400000113993883,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10965","display_name":"Geological formations and processes","score":0.0012000000569969416,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1904","display_name":"Earth-Surface Processes"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/glacier-flow","display_name":"glacier flow","score":0.8429999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/glacial-erosion","display_name":"glacial erosion","score":0.7670000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/basal-sliding","display_name":"basal sliding","score":0.9729999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ice-deformation","display_name":"ice deformation","score":0.6639999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/glen-s-flow-law","display_name":"Glen's flow law","score":0.8489999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stokes-equations","display_name":"Stokes equations","score":0.7049999833106995}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.8385999798774719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100834320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35666","display_name":"Glacier","level":2,"score":0.7279000282287598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114793014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52109","display_name":"Geomorphology","level":1,"score":0.6761000156402588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137527640","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q570309","display_name":"Bedrock","level":2,"score":0.6230000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15739521","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q602963","display_name":"Glacial period","level":2,"score":0.5967000126838684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123157820","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80026","display_name":"Erosion","level":2,"score":0.5565999746322632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81820708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2540532","display_name":"Ice stream","level":4,"score":0.44830000400543213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16156107","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4875786","display_name":"Beach morphodynamics","level":4,"score":0.38940000534057617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777099133","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184368","display_name":"Cirque","level":3,"score":0.3779999911785126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37054046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q641888","display_name":"Elevation (ballistics)","level":2,"score":0.34689998626708984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38349280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1434290","display_name":"Flow (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.3294999897480011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112959462","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1434465","display_name":"Fluvial","level":3,"score":0.2842999994754791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14168384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16305538","display_name":"Subtropics","level":2,"score":0.27730000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160945548","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q972926","display_name":"Subtropical ridge","level":3,"score":0.2702000141143799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123750103","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12599","display_name":"Ice sheet","level":2,"score":0.26989999413490295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49204034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52139","display_name":"Climatology","level":1,"score":0.2637999951839447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188291805","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1979625","display_name":"Last Glacial Maximum","level":3,"score":0.26170000433921814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776132308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11070850","display_name":"Inflow","level":2,"score":0.25369998812675476}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.31223/x5fr4j","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31223/x5fr4j","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.31223/x5fr4j","pdf_url":"https://eartharxiv.org/repository/object/15154/download/26281/","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},{"id":"pmh:oai:EA:id:15154","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://eartharxiv.org/repository/object/15154/download/26380/","pdf_url":"https://eartharxiv.org/repository/object/15154/download/26380/","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402614","display_name":"EarthArXiv (California Digital Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2801248553","host_organization_name":"California Digital Library","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801248553"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"EarthArXiv","raw_type":"PREPRINTS"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.31223/x5fr4j","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31223/x5fr4j","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.31223/x5fr4j","pdf_url":"https://eartharxiv.org/repository/object/15154/download/26281/","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320331164","display_name":"National Science and Technology Council","ror":"https://ror.org/00wnb9798"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7214239806.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7214239806.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7166742365","https://openalex.org/W2117738717","https://openalex.org/W1970022335","https://openalex.org/W1497413578","https://openalex.org/W373643170","https://openalex.org/W1993860027","https://openalex.org/W2053573325","https://openalex.org/W4412321861","https://openalex.org/W2754767438","https://openalex.org/W4376652353"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Glacial":[0,45],"erosion":[1,21,83,119,173],"plays":[2],"a":[3,50,66,77,138,185,206],"critical":[4],"role":[5],"in":[6,42,97],"shaping":[7],"alpine":[8,238],"topography,":[9],"yet":[10],"the":[11,101,121,150,177,181,198,218,232],"coupled":[12,75],"effects":[13],"of":[14,129,189,236],"ice":[15,98,147,164],"deformation,":[16],"basal":[17,78,102,118,151,167],"sliding,":[18],"and":[19,39,85,100,109,127,149],"bedrock":[20,107],"on":[22,159],"millennial-scale":[23],"valley":[24,110,122,133,179],"morphodynamics":[25],"remain":[26],"challenging":[27],"to":[28],"quantify.":[29],"This":[30],"study":[31],"presents":[32],"three-dimensional":[33],"numerical":[34,182],"simulations":[35],"investigating":[36],"glacier":[37,191],"dynamics":[38],"bed":[40,195,208],"evolution":[41,235],"Xue":[43],"Mountain":[44],"Cirque":[46],"No.~2,":[47],"Taiwan":[48],"over":[49,134],"9~ka":[51,211],"time":[52],"scale.":[53],"The":[54,91,193],"non-linear":[55,156],"Stokes":[56],"equations":[57],"governed":[58],"by":[59,176,214],"Glen's":[60],"flow":[61],"law":[62],"are":[63],"solved":[64],"using":[65],"stabilized":[67],"equal-order":[68],"Galerkin":[69],"least-squares":[70],"finite":[71],"element":[72],"method,":[73],"fully":[74],"with":[76,202],"sliding":[79,103,152,168],"relationship,":[80],"an":[81,86,130],"empirical":[82],"law,":[84],"Arbitrary":[87],"Lagrangian--Eulerian":[88],"moving-mesh":[89],"formulation.":[90],"computational":[92],"experiments":[93],"evaluate":[94],"how":[95,225],"variations":[96],"thickness":[99,148,165],"constant":[104,153],"govern":[105],"long-term":[106,233],"lowering":[108,161],"development.":[111],"Simulation":[112],"results":[113],"demonstrate":[114],"that":[115,146,212],"spatially":[116],"concentrated":[117],"along":[120],"axis":[123],"drives":[124],"progressive":[125],"deepening":[126],"widening":[128],"initially":[131],"V-shaped":[132],"9~ka,":[135],"evolving":[136],"into":[137],"characteristic":[139],"U-shaped":[140,200],"cross-section.":[141],"Sensitivity":[142],"analyses":[143],"further":[144],"reveal":[145],"exert":[154],"strong,":[155],"coupling":[157],"controls":[158],"bed-normal":[160],"distance,":[162],"as":[163],"amplifies":[166],"velocity":[169],"and,":[170],"consequently,":[171],"subglacial":[172],"rates.":[174],"Constrained":[175],"present-day":[178,219],"cross-profile,":[180],"framework":[183],"yields":[184],"physically":[186],"plausible":[187],"reconstruction":[188],"former":[190],"conditions.":[192],"reconstructed":[194],"profile":[196],"reproduces":[197],"smooth":[199],"morphology":[201],"exceptional":[203],"fidelity,":[204],"yielding":[205],"minimum":[207],"elevation":[209],"after":[210],"differs":[213],"merely":[215],"0.6~m":[216],"from":[217],"observed":[220],"value.":[221],"These":[222],"findings":[223],"highlight":[224],"integrated":[226],"flow--sliding--erosion":[227],"modeling":[228],"can":[229],"quantitatively":[230],"elucidate":[231],"morphodynamic":[234],"subtropical":[237],"glacial":[239],"landscapes.":[240]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-28T10:33:24.094632","created_date":"2026-09-25T00:00:00"}
