{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7214224503","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies14100602","title":"Adaptive Fuzzy-PID Control with Grey Wolf Optimization for Enhanced Performance in Hybrid Renewable Systems","display_name":"Adaptive Fuzzy-PID Control with Grey Wolf Optimization for Enhanced Performance in Hybrid Renewable Systems","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-09-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7214224503","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies14100602"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/technologies14100602","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies14100602","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies14100602","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738348041","display_name":"Technologies","issn_l":"2227-7080","issn":["2227-7080"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Technologies","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies14100602","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5152752973","display_name":"Mustafa Fakhir Saadi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-9917-6865","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0003-9917-6865"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405259204","display_name":"Ninevah University","ror":"https://ror.org/01x7tft50","country_code":"IQ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405259204"]}],"countries":["IQ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mustafa Fakhir Saadi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of System and Control Engineering, Ninevah University, Mosul 41000, Iraq"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-9917-6865","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of System and Control Engineering, Ninevah University, Mosul 41000, Iraq","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405259204"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072704126","display_name":"Ercan Aykut","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8639-8408","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8639-8408"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210091267","display_name":"\u0130stanbul Geli\u015fim \u00dcniversitesi","ror":"https://ror.org/0188hvh39","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210091267"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ercan Aykut","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Electronics Engineering, Istanbul Gelisim University, 34310 Istanbul, T\u00fcrkiye"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8639-8408","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Electronics Engineering, Istanbul Gelisim University, 34310 Istanbul, T\u00fcrkiye","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210091267"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5072704126"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210091267"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1930},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1930},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.50247086,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"10","first_page":"602","last_page":"602"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10468","display_name":"Photovoltaic System Optimization Techniques","score":0.3698999881744385,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2105","display_name":"Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10468","display_name":"Photovoltaic System Optimization Techniques","score":0.3698999881744385,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2105","display_name":"Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10223","display_name":"Microgrid Control and Optimization","score":0.29170000553131104,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11007","display_name":"Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems","score":0.1387999951839447,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2102","display_name":"Energy Engineering and Power Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fuzzy-pid-control","display_name":"fuzzy PID control","score":0.7720000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grey-wolf-optimizer","display_name":"grey wolf optimizer","score":0.8730000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pid-controller-tuning","display_name":"PID controller tuning","score":0.7080000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hybrid-renewable-energy-systems","display_name":"hybrid renewable energy systems","score":0.828000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dc-link-voltage-control","display_name":"DC bus voltage regulation","score":0.8510000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness-to-disturbances","display_name":"robustness to disturbances","score":0.6269999742507935}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.7488999962806702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203479927","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165939","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","level":2,"score":0.6312999725341797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q224821","display_name":"Fuzzy logic","level":2,"score":0.629800021648407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139945424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1940696","display_name":"Mean squared error","level":2,"score":0.5565000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195975749","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1475705","display_name":"Fuzzy control system","level":3,"score":0.48739999532699585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.47769999504089355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47116090","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q716829","display_name":"PID controller","level":3,"score":0.47029998898506165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172707124","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q423488","display_name":"Actuator","level":2,"score":0.42590001225471497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780365114","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q169478","display_name":"MATLAB","level":2,"score":0.39570000767707825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17500928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959968","display_name":"Control system","level":2,"score":0.3555999994277954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3337000012397766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133731056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4917288","display_name":"Control engineering","level":1,"score":0.3255000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.322299987077713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186108316","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q352530","display_name":"Adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system","level":4,"score":0.3156999945640564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107464732","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q235781","display_name":"Adaptive control","level":3,"score":0.31049999594688416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42011625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1055058","display_name":"Fuzzy set","level":3,"score":0.28929999470710754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.2865000069141388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27438332","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2873","display_name":"Principal component analysis","level":2,"score":0.28619998693466187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139807058","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q352374","display_name":"Adaptation (eye)","level":2,"score":0.2818000018596649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779227376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6505497","display_name":"Layer (electronics)","level":2,"score":0.2816999852657318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188573790","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12705","display_name":"Renewable energy","level":2,"score":0.26570001244544983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2526000142097473}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/technologies14100602","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies14100602","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies14100602","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738348041","display_name":"Technologies","issn_l":"2227-7080","issn":["2227-7080"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Technologies","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:bc6d5e3dd61f4a3380b7e91bfb58a44e","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/bc6d5e3dd61f4a3380b7e91bfb58a44e","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Technologies, Vol 14, Iss 10, p 602 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/technologies14100602","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies14100602","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies14100602","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738348041","display_name":"Technologies","issn_l":"2227-7080","issn":["2227-7080"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Technologies","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.75,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"},{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.651199996471405,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1834350974","https://openalex.org/W2061438946","https://openalex.org/W2086274107","https://openalex.org/W2108271225","https://openalex.org/W2119823903","https://openalex.org/W2131841686","https://openalex.org/W2132755931","https://openalex.org/W2153292828","https://openalex.org/W2169498704","https://openalex.org/W2183551095","https://openalex.org/W2494875982","https://openalex.org/W2770073247","https://openalex.org/W2925722597","https://openalex.org/W2962994356","https://openalex.org/W3004823303","https://openalex.org/W3175814761","https://openalex.org/W4210249820","https://openalex.org/W4211007335","https://openalex.org/W4229484266","https://openalex.org/W4249749961","https://openalex.org/W4327736917","https://openalex.org/W4390942162","https://openalex.org/W4403616806","https://openalex.org/W4410230312","https://openalex.org/W4413034757","https://openalex.org/W4415482525","https://openalex.org/W7128921403"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7216946028","https://openalex.org/W2804100787","https://openalex.org/W3165640924","https://openalex.org/W3107529353","https://openalex.org/W2893566058","https://openalex.org/W3119191606","https://openalex.org/W3215799506","https://openalex.org/W2890599638","https://openalex.org/W2949246200","https://openalex.org/W3043699989"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Grid-connected":[0],"PV-wind":[1],"systems":[2],"experience":[3],"strongly":[4],"varying":[5],"operating":[6],"conditions":[7],"that":[8,129,200],"challenge":[9],"fixed-gain":[10],"control.":[11],"This":[12],"study":[13],"evaluates":[14],"a":[15,36,146,158,206],"Fuzzy-PID":[16],"controller":[17,78,210],"with":[18,115],"offline":[19],"Grey":[20],"Wolf":[21],"Optimizer":[22],"(GWO)":[23],"tuning":[24,131],"using":[25],"two":[26],"explicitly":[27],"separated":[28],"simulation":[29],"layers:":[30],"thesis-level":[31],"MATLAB/Simulink":[32],"system":[33],"indicators":[34],"and":[35,55,61,66,75,85,110,124,162,204],"reproducible":[37,42],"reduced-order":[38],"DC-link":[39],"benchmark.":[40],"The":[41,186],"layer":[43,142],"uses":[44],"common":[45],"disturbance":[46],"traces,":[47],"five":[48,101],"synthetic":[49],"stochastic":[50],"weather":[51],"profiles,":[52],"independent-seed":[53],"validation,":[54],"an":[56,151],"equal-optimization-budget":[57],"comparison":[58],"between":[59],"GWO-PID":[60,91],"GWO-Fuzzy-PID.":[62],"With":[63],"30":[64,122],"wolves":[65],"15":[67],"iterations":[68],"for":[69,118,182],"both":[70],"architectures,":[71],"the":[72,106,140,168,183,195],"optimized":[73,76,153],"PID":[74],"fuzzy":[77,141,184,202],"achieved":[79],"nearly":[80],"identical":[81],"training":[82],"objectives":[83],"(0.08349":[84],"0.08401).":[86],"Across":[87],"10":[88],"unseen":[89],"seeds,":[90],"produced":[92],"slightly":[93],"lower":[94],"mean":[95],"RMSE":[96,148],"than":[97],"GWO-Fuzzy-PID":[98],"in":[99],"all":[100],"scenarios;":[102],"under":[103,136],"Stormy":[104],"operation,":[105,166],"values":[107],"were":[108],"7.746":[109],"7.873":[111],"V,":[112],"respectively,":[113],"compared":[114],"9.517":[116],"V":[117,171],"Fixed":[119],"PID.":[120,154],"Extended":[121],"s":[123,126],"60":[125],"tests":[127],"confirmed":[128],"GWO-based":[130,190],"retained":[132],"its":[133],"principal":[134],"benefit":[135],"severe":[137],"disturbances,":[138],"while":[139,193],"did":[143],"not":[144],"provide":[145],"systematic":[147],"advantage":[149],"over":[150],"equally":[152],"Rainy/Low-Wind":[155],"diagnostics":[156],"showed":[157],"persistent":[159],"source-power":[160],"deficit":[161],"near-continuous":[163],"actuator":[164],"current-limit":[165],"explaining":[167],"approximately":[169],"22":[170],"short-horizon":[172],"RMSE.":[173],"Controller-only":[174],"MATLAB":[175],"R2017a":[176],"timing":[177],"was":[178],"below":[179],"8":[180],"microseconds/update":[181],"implementations.":[185],"results":[187],"therefore":[188],"support":[189],"severe-disturbance":[191],"robustness,":[192],"separating":[194],"contribution":[196],"of":[197,201,208],"optimization":[198],"from":[199],"adaptation":[203],"avoiding":[205],"claim":[207],"universal":[209],"superiority.":[211]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-29T09:56:32.521200","created_date":"2026-09-25T00:00:00"}