{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7214207386","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.15.26363109","title":"Respondent-Driven Sampling Recruitment Dynamics Among People Who Smoke Drugs in South Africa","display_name":"Respondent-Driven Sampling Recruitment Dynamics Among People Who Smoke Drugs in South Africa","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-09-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7214207386","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.15.26363109"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.09.15.26363109","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.15.26363109","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.15.26363109","pdf_url":"https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2026/09/24/2026.09.15.26363109.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3005729997","display_name":"medRxiv","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315909"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press"],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"medRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2026/09/24/2026.09.15.26363109.full.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5152619661","display_name":"Hannah Ruth Sullivan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-8944-888X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0003-8944-888X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111088046","display_name":"Boston University","ror":"https://ror.org/05qwgg493","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111088046"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hannah Ruth Sullivan","raw_affiliation_strings":[". Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States of America"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-8944-888X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":". Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States of America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111088046"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004869804","display_name":"Tara Carney","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5400-0565","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5400-0565"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I10947320","display_name":"South African Medical Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/05q60vz69","country_code":"ZA","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I10947320"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157614274","display_name":"University of Cape Town","ror":"https://ror.org/03p74gp79","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157614274"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24027795","display_name":"University of Johannesburg","ror":"https://ror.org/04z6c2n17","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24027795"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tara Carney","raw_affiliation_strings":[". Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa",". Department of Psychology, University of Johannesburg, South Africa",". Mental Health, Alcohol, Substance Use and Tobacco Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, South Africa"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5400-0565","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":". Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157614274"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":". Department of Psychology, University of Johannesburg, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24027795"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":". Mental Health, Alcohol, Substance Use and Tobacco Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I10947320"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034970895","display_name":"Frances Ratangee","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I10947320","display_name":"South African Medical Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/05q60vz69","country_code":"ZA","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I10947320"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I26092322","display_name":"Stellenbosch University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bk57929","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I26092322"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Frances Ratangee","raw_affiliation_strings":[". South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Biomedical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":". South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Biomedical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I10947320","https://openalex.org/I26092322"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015701535","display_name":"Nandi Niemand Wolhuter","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5638-1469","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5638-1469"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I10947320","display_name":"South African Medical Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/05q60vz69","country_code":"ZA","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I10947320"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I26092322","display_name":"Stellenbosch University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bk57929","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I26092322"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nandi Niemand","raw_affiliation_strings":[". South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Biomedical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5638-1469","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":". South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Biomedical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I10947320","https://openalex.org/I26092322"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113954196","display_name":"Danie Theron","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Danie Theron","raw_affiliation_strings":[". Brewelskloof Hospital, Worcester, South Africa"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":". Brewelskloof Hospital, Worcester, South Africa","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084570185","display_name":"Charles Robert Horsburgh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6838-7895","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6838-7895"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111088046","display_name":"Boston University","ror":"https://ror.org/05qwgg493","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111088046"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1286490081","display_name":"Boston Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/010b9wj87","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1286490081"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"C Robert Horsburgh","raw_affiliation_strings":[". Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States of America",". Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States of America",". Department of Global Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States of America",". Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States of America"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":". Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States of America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111088046"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":". Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States of America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111088046"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":". Department of Global Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States of America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111088046"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":". Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States of America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111088046","https://openalex.org/I1286490081"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078526061","display_name":"Laura Forsberg White","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0588-8235","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0588-8235"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111088046","display_name":"Boston University","ror":"https://ror.org/05qwgg493","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111088046"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Laura F White","raw_affiliation_strings":[". Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States of America"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":". Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States of America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111088046"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5152648120","display_name":"Robin M Warren","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I10947320","display_name":"South African Medical Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/05q60vz69","country_code":"ZA","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I10947320"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I26092322","display_name":"Stellenbosch University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bk57929","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I26092322"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robin M Warren","raw_affiliation_strings":[". South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Biomedical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":". South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Biomedical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I10947320","https://openalex.org/I26092322"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004903121","display_name":"Karen Rita Jacobson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4239-3685","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4239-3685"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111088046","display_name":"Boston University","ror":"https://ror.org/05qwgg493","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111088046"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1286490081","display_name":"Boston Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/010b9wj87","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1286490081"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Karen R Jacobson","raw_affiliation_strings":[". Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States of America"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":". Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States of America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111088046","https://openalex.org/I1286490081"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044439439","display_name":"Samantha Malatesta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0849-2348","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0849-2348"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111088046","display_name":"Boston University","ror":"https://ror.org/05qwgg493","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111088046"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1286490081","display_name":"Boston Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/010b9wj87","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1286490081"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Samantha Malatesta","raw_affiliation_strings":[". Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States of America"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":". Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center and Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States of America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111088046","https://openalex.org/I1286490081"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5152619661"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111088046"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11860","display_name":"HIV, Drug Use, Sexual Risk","score":0.9520999789237976,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11860","display_name":"HIV, Drug Use, Sexual Risk","score":0.9520999789237976,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13546","display_name":"Census and Population Estimation","score":0.01899999938905239,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11539","display_name":"Survey Methodology and Nonresponse","score":0.004600000102072954,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/respondent-driven-sampling","display_name":"respondent-driven sampling","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/peer-recruitment","display_name":"peer recruitment","score":0.7549999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drug-use","display_name":"drug use","score":0.35899999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tuberculosis","display_name":"tuberculosis","score":0.4259999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hiv","display_name":"HIV","score":0.9380000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/recruitment-success","display_name":"recruitment success","score":0.6150000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sample-diversity","display_name":"sample diversity","score":0.5139999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cannabis-use","display_name":"cannabis use","score":0.6129999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/methamphetamine","display_name":"methamphetamine","score":0.8489999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/methaqualone","display_name":"methaqualone","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prison-history","display_name":"prison history","score":0.8700000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rural-population","display_name":"rural population","score":0.7200000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/western-cape","display_name":"Western Cape","score":0.5830000042915344}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.5139999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779812341","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891525","display_name":"Homophily","level":2,"score":0.5005000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.4796999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.4731999933719635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776269092","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1611074","display_name":"Residence","level":2,"score":0.4203000068664551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781316041","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1230584","display_name":"Diversity (politics)","level":2,"score":0.3919999897480011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776952961","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q423912","display_name":"Methaqualone","level":2,"score":0.38429999351501465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777056318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79817","display_name":"Cannabis","level":2,"score":0.3675000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.35910001397132874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192489979","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1502997","display_name":"Systematic sampling","level":2,"score":0.35019999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55958113","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q169480","display_name":"Indigenous","level":2,"score":0.34610000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3013748606","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15787","display_name":"Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)","level":2,"score":0.3359000086784363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129047720","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175185","display_name":"Rural area","level":2,"score":0.3165000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67469775","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q304922","display_name":"Social dynamics","level":2,"score":0.3156000077724457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89623803","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12184","display_name":"Pandemic","level":5,"score":0.30250000953674316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74909509","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10387","display_name":"Gerontology","level":1,"score":0.29100000858306885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.2815999984741211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58874564","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q130768","display_name":"Smoke","level":2,"score":0.2694000005722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2994082534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175185","display_name":"Rural population","level":3,"score":0.2694000005722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140779682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210868","display_name":"Sampling (signal processing)","level":3,"score":0.26930001378059387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168285401","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1427245","display_name":"Stigma (botany)","level":2,"score":0.26190000772476196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198531522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485146","display_name":"Sample (material)","level":2,"score":0.257099986076355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4727928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17164759","display_name":"Social network (sociolinguistics)","level":3,"score":0.2565999925136566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137403100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41710","display_name":"Ethnic group","level":2,"score":0.2565999925136566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147077947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1515895","display_name":"Socioeconomic status","level":3,"score":0.2538999915122986}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.09.15.26363109","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.15.26363109","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.15.26363109","pdf_url":"https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2026/09/24/2026.09.15.26363109.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3005729997","display_name":"medRxiv","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315909"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press"],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"medRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.09.15.26363109","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.15.26363109","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.15.26363109","pdf_url":"https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2026/09/24/2026.09.15.26363109.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3005729997","display_name":"medRxiv","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315909"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press"],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"medRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.9537000060081482,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.4074000120162964,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7214207386.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7214207386.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1986282875","https://openalex.org/W2010894236","https://openalex.org/W2047923914","https://openalex.org/W2061578124","https://openalex.org/W2070516890","https://openalex.org/W2075287053","https://openalex.org/W2094298782","https://openalex.org/W2123624310","https://openalex.org/W2135827477","https://openalex.org/W2140535875","https://openalex.org/W2142534753","https://openalex.org/W2142645441","https://openalex.org/W2153808891","https://openalex.org/W2159770800","https://openalex.org/W2168189299","https://openalex.org/W2279277574","https://openalex.org/W2296163019","https://openalex.org/W2296443854","https://openalex.org/W2310359170","https://openalex.org/W2331925949","https://openalex.org/W2905524413","https://openalex.org/W2953118438","https://openalex.org/W3011041837","https://openalex.org/W3041735260","https://openalex.org/W3121136345","https://openalex.org/W3125928304","https://openalex.org/W3161625785","https://openalex.org/W4212936631","https://openalex.org/W4285729711","https://openalex.org/W4378348325","https://openalex.org/W4380090386","https://openalex.org/W4390058407","https://openalex.org/W4391109241","https://openalex.org/W4391908185","https://openalex.org/W4395046127","https://openalex.org/W4399927272","https://openalex.org/W4404709288","https://openalex.org/W4411675054","https://openalex.org/W4414960749","https://openalex.org/W4417329111"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4411675054","https://openalex.org/W2265740812","https://openalex.org/W2023830965","https://openalex.org/W2378644554","https://openalex.org/W2296443854","https://openalex.org/W1995348931","https://openalex.org/W7130392310","https://openalex.org/W2296163019","https://openalex.org/W1996015877","https://openalex.org/W2091474924"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Background":[1],"Respondent-driven":[2],"sampling":[3],"(RDS)":[4],"is":[5,38],"a":[6,70],"widely":[7],"used":[8],"peer-recruitment":[9,239],"strategy":[10],"to":[11,23,79,105,116,132],"study":[12,98],"hard-to-reach":[13],"populations":[14],"including":[15,217],"people":[16,60],"who":[17,61],"use":[18,28,225,250],"drugs.":[19],"South":[20,77],"Africa":[21,78],"continues":[22],"experience":[24],"increasing":[25],"illicit":[26],"substance":[27,224],"alongside":[29],"high":[30],"burdens":[31],"of":[32,58,123,175,183,200,251],"tuberculosis":[33],"(TB)":[34],"and":[35,82,120,158,177,189,214,223,227],"HIV.":[36],"Little":[37],"known":[39],"about":[40],"the":[41,74,121,249],"factors":[42,107],"that":[43,100],"influence":[44],"RDS":[45,68,252],"recruitment":[46,90,128,170,197,233],"success":[47,140,234],"in":[48,52,69,73,102,206,260],"these":[49],"settings,":[50],"especially":[51],"rural":[53,71],"areas.":[54],"Methods":[55],"A":[56],"total":[57],"750":[59],"smoke":[62],"drugs":[63],"(PWSD)":[64],"were":[65,87,130,209],"recruited":[66],"through":[67],"town":[72],"Western":[75],"Cape,":[76],"estimate":[80],"TB":[81,192],"HIV":[83,194],"prevalence.":[84],"Participant":[85],"characteristics":[86,126,230],"compared":[88],"by":[89,173,212],"success,":[91],"defined":[92],"as":[93,242,253],"distributing":[94],"at":[95],"least":[96],"one":[97],"coupon":[99,244],"resulted":[101],"peer":[103],"enrollment,":[104],"identify":[106],"associated":[108,231],"with":[109,160,186,191,232],"successful":[110],"recruitment.":[111],"Recruitment":[112,139,204],"homophily":[113],"was":[114,141,171],"assessed":[115],"quantify":[117],"within-group":[118,169],"recruitment,":[119],"stabilization":[122],"selected":[124],"participant":[125],"across":[127,196],"waves":[129],"visualized":[131],"assess":[133],"sample":[134],"diversity":[135],"over":[136],"time.":[137],"Results":[138],"more":[142,237],"common":[143],"among":[144],"unemployed":[145],"participants":[146,159,190],"(p=0.032),":[147],"those":[148],"without":[149],"an":[150,254],"incarceration":[151,187,221],"history":[152],"(p=0.053),":[153],"current":[154],"cannabis":[155],"users":[156],"(p=0.086),":[157],"moderate-to-severe":[161],"methamphetamine":[162],"(p=0.019)":[163],"or":[164,193],"methaqualone":[165],"(p=0.014)":[166],"use.":[167],"High":[168],"observed":[172],"neighborhood":[174],"residence":[176],"racial":[178],"population":[179,219],"group.":[180],"The":[181],"proportion":[182],"males,":[184],"individuals":[185],"history,":[188,222],"stabilized":[195],"waves,":[198],"regardless":[199],"seed":[201],"characteristics.":[202],"Conclusions":[203],"dynamics":[205],"this":[207],"setting":[208],"strongly":[210],"influenced":[211],"social":[213],"geographic":[215],"factors,":[216],"neighborhood,":[218],"group,":[220],"type":[226],"severity.":[228],"Identifying":[229],"may":[235],"inform":[236],"efficient":[238],"strategies,":[240],"such":[241],"targeted":[243],"distribution.":[245],"These":[246],"findings":[247],"support":[248],"effective":[255],"approach":[256],"for":[257],"engaging":[258],"PWSD":[259],"research.":[261]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-09T13:22:03.289127","created_date":"2026-09-25T00:00:00"}