{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7214205238","doi":"https://doi.org/10.9734/arja/2026/v19i4919","title":"AI-Driven Agricultural Advisory and Diagnostic Systems for Smallholder Farming: Technical Architectures, Evidence and Deployment Priorities for North-East India","display_name":"AI-Driven Agricultural Advisory and Diagnostic Systems for Smallholder Farming: Technical Architectures, Evidence and Deployment Priorities for North-East India","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-09-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7214205238","doi":"https://doi.org/10.9734/arja/2026/v19i4919"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.9734/arja/2026/v19i4919","doi":"https://doi.org/10.9734/arja/2026/v19i4919","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.9734/arja/2026/v19i4919","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210198767","display_name":"Asian Research Journal of Agriculture","issn_l":"2456-561X","issn":["2456-561X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320855","host_organization_name":"Sciencedomain International","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320855"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Sciencedomain International"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Asian Research Journal of Agriculture","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.9734/arja/2026/v19i4919","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5152740428","display_name":"Pravangkar Boruah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-6990-4346","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0008-6990-4346"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pravangkar Boruah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Birangana Sati Sadhani Rajyik Vishwavidyalaya, Golaghat, Assam-785621, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Birangana Sati Sadhani Rajyik Vishwavidyalaya, Golaghat, Assam-785621, India","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015796427","display_name":"Rubul Kumar Bania","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6294-0231","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6294-0231"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rubul Kumar Bania","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Birangana Sati Sadhani Rajyik Vishwavidyalaya, Golaghat, Assam-785621, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Birangana Sati Sadhani Rajyik Vishwavidyalaya, Golaghat, Assam-785621, India","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.63943273,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"4","first_page":"131","last_page":"148"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.961899995803833,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.961899995803833,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13478","display_name":"Agricultural Development and Management","score":0.03269999846816063,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1100","display_name":"General Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13194","display_name":"ICT in Developing Communities","score":0.0019000000320374966,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smallholder-farming","display_name":"smallholder farming","score":0.9760000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-agricultural-extension","display_name":"digital agricultural extension","score":0.8840000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/large-language-models","display_name":"large language models","score":0.781000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/retrieval-augmented-generation","display_name":"retrieval-augmented generation","score":0.921999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/responsible-ai","display_name":"responsible AI","score":0.5789999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/northeast-india","display_name":"Northeast India","score":0.7020000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interactive-voice-response","display_name":"interactive voice response","score":0.7549999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/expert-networks","display_name":"expert networks","score":0.5090000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain-shift","display_name":"domain shift","score":0.5720000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multilingual-ai","display_name":"multilingual AI","score":0.4959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/farmers-decision-making","display_name":"farmer decision-making","score":0.43799999356269836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/technology-deployment","display_name":"technology deployment","score":0.3610000014305115}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.6132000088691711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5465999841690063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118518473","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11451","display_name":"Agriculture","level":2,"score":0.421099990606308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58328972","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184609","display_name":"Expert system","level":2,"score":0.4172999858856201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780378061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25351891","display_name":"Service (business)","level":2,"score":0.4146000146865845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.40849998593330383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778402112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4693964","display_name":"Agricultural extension","level":3,"score":0.4036000072956085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.3666999936103821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.366100013256073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116537","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2169973","display_name":"Service provider","level":3,"score":0.36320000886917114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166052673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83021","display_name":"Empirical evidence","level":2,"score":0.3578999936580658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4554734","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q593744","display_name":"Knowledge base","level":2,"score":0.34610000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189560676","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1187906","display_name":"Profit margin","level":2,"score":0.32359999418258667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.32120001316070557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181622380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26911","display_name":"Profit (economics)","level":2,"score":0.32109999656677246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105002631","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4833645","display_name":"Subject-matter expert","level":3,"score":0.3167000114917755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3987366","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6658164","display_name":"Livelihood","level":3,"score":0.3147999942302704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180198813","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121182","display_name":"Information system","level":2,"score":0.30809998512268066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.30239999294281006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539667460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942","display_name":"Management science","level":1,"score":0.29269999265670776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.29170000553131104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.28999999165534973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195094911","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14167904","display_name":"Process management","level":1,"score":0.28679999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778738651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16546687","display_name":"Novelty","level":2,"score":0.28209999203681946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777083192","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1814648","display_name":"Plain language","level":2,"score":0.27379998564720154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.27090001106262207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189708586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1504425","display_name":"Systematic review","level":3,"score":0.26159998774528503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168167062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1117970","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.2540999948978424}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.9734/arja/2026/v19i4919","doi":"https://doi.org/10.9734/arja/2026/v19i4919","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.9734/arja/2026/v19i4919","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210198767","display_name":"Asian Research Journal of Agriculture","issn_l":"2456-561X","issn":["2456-561X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320855","host_organization_name":"Sciencedomain International","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320855"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Sciencedomain International"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Asian Research Journal of Agriculture","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:journalarja.com:article/919","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://journalarja.com/index.php/ARJA/article/view/919","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210198767","display_name":"Asian Research Journal of Agriculture","issn_l":"2456-561X","issn":["2456-561X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320855","host_organization_name":"Sciencedomain International","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320855"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Sciencedomain International"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2456-561X","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.9734/arja/2026/v19i4919","doi":"https://doi.org/10.9734/arja/2026/v19i4919","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.9734/arja/2026/v19i4919","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210198767","display_name":"Asian Research Journal of Agriculture","issn_l":"2456-561X","issn":["2456-561X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320855","host_organization_name":"Sciencedomain International","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320855"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Sciencedomain International"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Asian Research Journal of Agriculture","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Zero hunger","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2","score":0.9208999872207642}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7208785535","https://openalex.org/W7212395887","https://openalex.org/W7163996674","https://openalex.org/W7221622168","https://openalex.org/W7201879425","https://openalex.org/W7172444522","https://openalex.org/W7171687855","https://openalex.org/W7125144425","https://openalex.org/W7125675456","https://openalex.org/W6912073150"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Artificial":[0],"intelligence":[1],"(AI)":[2],"is":[3,30,249],"being":[4],"introduced":[5],"into":[6],"agricultural":[7,68,153],"advisory":[8,120,210],"services":[9,121],"through":[10],"machine":[11],"learning,":[12],"computer":[13],"vision,":[14],"conversational":[15],"large":[16,147],"language":[17,148],"models,":[18],"retrieval-augmented":[19],"generation":[20],"and":[21,48,55,72,104,118,128,138,159,168,201,215,230,255,269,281,295],"multimodal":[22,254],"interfaces.":[23],"For":[24],"smallholder":[25],"farming,":[26],"the":[27,113,239],"central":[28],"question":[29],"not":[31],"whether":[32,41],"these":[33],"technologies":[34],"can":[35,43,150,192],"produce":[36,151],"technically":[37],"plausible":[38],"outputs,":[39],"but":[40,155,190],"they":[42,234],"provide":[44],"locally":[45],"correct,":[46],"actionable":[47],"safe":[49],"recommendations":[50,260],"under":[51,195],"heterogeneous":[52],"agronomic,":[53],"linguistic":[54],"connectivity":[56],"conditions.":[57],"This":[58],"critical":[59],"narrative":[60],"review":[61],"integrates":[62],"evidence":[63,178],"on":[64,96,135,223],"digital":[65,74,110],"extension,":[66],"AI-enabled":[67],"advice,":[69],"image-based":[70],"diagnosis":[71],"responsible":[73],"agriculture,":[75],"with":[76,94],"particular":[77],"reference":[78],"to":[79,88,288],"North-East":[80,205],"India.":[81],"Literature":[82],"published":[83],"from":[84,109],"1":[85],"January":[86],"2010":[87],"17":[89],"July":[90],"2026":[91],"was":[92],"considered,":[93],"emphasis":[95],"peer-reviewed":[97],"field":[98,196],"evaluations,":[99],"technical":[100],"validation":[101],"studies,":[102],"reviews":[103],"regionally":[105],"relevant":[106],"research.":[107],"Evidence":[108],"extension":[111],"provides":[112],"strongest":[114],"causal":[115],"baseline:":[116],"mobile":[117,209],"personalised":[119],"frequently":[122],"improve":[123,171],"information":[124],"recall,":[125],"agronomic":[126,291],"knowledge":[127],"adoption":[129],"of":[130,208,241],"recommended":[131],"practices,":[132],"yet":[133],"effects":[134],"yield,":[136],"profit":[137],"welfare":[139],"are":[140],"inconsistent.":[141],"Recent":[142],"generative-AI":[143],"studies":[144,207],"show":[145],"that":[146,258,284],"models":[149],"useful":[152],"responses,":[154],"site-specific":[156],"rates,":[157],"timing":[158],"local":[160,172,227],"practice":[161],"remain":[162],"recurrent":[163],"failure":[164],"points.":[165],"Retrieval":[166],"grounding":[167],"expert":[169,228],"feedback":[170],"relevance,":[173],"although":[174],"multi-season":[175],"farm-level":[176],"effectiveness":[177,240],"remains":[179],"scarce.":[180],"Image-based":[181],"plant-disease":[182],"systems":[183,211],"achieve":[184],"high":[185],"accuracy":[186],"in":[187,212,261],"curated":[188,262],"datasets,":[189],"performance":[191],"deteriorate":[193],"sharply":[194],"domain":[197],"shift,":[198],"class":[199],"novelty":[200],"variable":[202],"image":[203],"quality.":[204],"Indian":[206],"Meghalaya,":[213],"Nagaland":[214],"Tripura":[216],"demonstrate":[217],"a":[218],"valuable":[219],"institutional":[220],"foundation":[221],"based":[222],"interactive":[224],"voice":[225],"response,":[226],"networks":[229],"user-centred":[231],"service":[232],"design;":[233],"do":[235],"not,":[236],"however,":[237],"establish":[238],"autonomous":[242],"AI.":[243],"The":[244],"most":[245],"defensible":[246],"deployment":[247],"model":[248,286],"therefore":[250],"an":[251],"offline-tolerant,":[252],"multilingual,":[253],"human-supervised":[256],"architecture":[257],"grounds":[259],"regional":[263],"knowledge,":[264],"represents":[265],"uncertainty,":[266],"preserves":[267],"provenance":[268],"escalates":[270],"high-risk":[271],"or":[272],"out-of-distribution":[273],"cases.":[274],"Future":[275],"research":[276],"should":[277],"prioritise":[278],"prospective":[279],"district-":[280],"season-spanning":[282],"evaluations":[283],"connect":[285],"quality":[287],"farmer":[289],"decisions,":[290],"outcomes,":[292],"equity,":[293],"safety":[294],"cost-effectiveness.":[296]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-12T09:40:04.860316","created_date":"2026-09-25T00:00:00"}
