{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7214200090","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2026.117131","title":"Assessment of carburization and hardness profile in steel rods using low-frequency magnetic incremental permeability and advanced numerical modeling","display_name":"Assessment of carburization and hardness profile in steel rods using low-frequency magnetic incremental permeability and advanced numerical modeling","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-09-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7214200090","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2026.117131"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.matdes.2026.117131","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2026.117131","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2026.117131","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S8792693","display_name":"Materials & Design","issn_l":"0264-1275","issn":["0264-1275","1873-4197"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-140","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Materials &amp; Design","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2026.117131","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091998554","display_name":"Hicham Lberni","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-9906-5148","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0002-9906-5148"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hicham Lberni","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-9906-5148","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066347178","display_name":"Salim BEN AYED","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-7955-8181","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0009-7955-8181"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Salim Ben-Ayed","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-7955-8181","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079853266","display_name":"Y. Charles","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8185-7126","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8185-7126"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yann Charles","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8185-7126","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063029485","display_name":"H\u00e9l\u00e8ne Petitpr\u00e9","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-3055-0985","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0007-3055-0985"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"H\u00e9l\u00e8ne Petitpr\u00e9","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-3055-0985","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086899048","display_name":"Christophe Grosjean","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0996-5584","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0996-5584"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christophe Grosjean","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0996-5584","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030863027","display_name":"Laurent Daniel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5016-4589","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5016-4589"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Laurent Daniel","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5016-4589","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5152735196","display_name":"Fan Zhang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fan Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016660038","display_name":"Marc Buvron","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marc Buvron","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110937209","display_name":"Jean-Fran\u00e7ois Mogniotte","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9335-4243","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9335-4243"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jean-Fran\u00e7ois Mogniotte","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088224587","display_name":"Benjamin Ducharne","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2046-211X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2046-211X"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Benjamin Ducharne","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2046-211X","affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":3650,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3650},"apc_paid":{"value":3650,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3650},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"271","issue":null,"first_page":"117131","last_page":"117131"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12169","display_name":"Non-Destructive Testing Techniques","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12169","display_name":"Non-Destructive Testing Techniques","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10662","display_name":"Ultrasonics and Acoustic Wave Propagation","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2211","display_name":"Mechanics of Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11778","display_name":"Electrical and Bioimpedance Tomography","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/carburization","display_name":"carburizing","score":0.9850000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hardness-profile","display_name":"hardness profile","score":0.8840000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/steel-rods","display_name":"steel rods","score":0.9739999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/incremental-permeability","display_name":"incremental permeability","score":0.8259999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/numerical-modeling","display_name":"numerical modeling","score":0.8389999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surface-hardening","display_name":"surface hardening","score":0.5849999785423279}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.9016000032424927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162184086","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q505544","display_name":"Rod","level":3,"score":0.6629999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2989031253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q925667","display_name":"Numerical modeling","level":2,"score":0.6398000121116638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120882062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28352","display_name":"Permeability (electromagnetism)","level":3,"score":0.578000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191897082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11467","display_name":"Metallurgy","level":1,"score":0.4528000056743622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.43130001425743103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C500300565","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q925667","display_name":"Computer simulation","level":2,"score":0.40540000796318054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135628077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220184","display_name":"Finite element method","level":2,"score":0.3702999949455261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87976508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1498213","display_name":"Microstructure","level":2,"score":0.3474999964237213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986605239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q925667","display_name":"Numerical models","level":3,"score":0.33869999647140503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113378726","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310797","display_name":"Relative permeability","level":3,"score":0.3240000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165720898","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3150000","display_name":"Indentation hardness","level":3,"score":0.31700000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48753275","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11216","display_name":"Numerical analysis","level":2,"score":0.25119999051094055}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.matdes.2026.117131","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2026.117131","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2026.117131","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S8792693","display_name":"Materials & Design","issn_l":"0264-1275","issn":["0264-1275","1873-4197"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-140","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Materials &amp; Design","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:HAL:hal-05796271v1","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hal.science/hal-05796271v1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402512","display_name":"HAL","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4405252976","host_organization_name":"Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405252976"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Materials & Design, 2026, 271, pp.117131. &#x27E8;10.1016/j.matdes.2026.117131&#x27E9;","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:131fa12b24b144f7aee771d5741b88c3","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/131fa12b24b144f7aee771d5741b88c3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Materials & Design, Vol 271, Iss , Pp 117131- (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.matdes.2026.117131","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2026.117131","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2026.117131","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S8792693","display_name":"Materials & Design","issn_l":"0264-1275","issn":["0264-1275","1873-4197"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-140","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Materials &amp; Design","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W85789822","https://openalex.org/W564450410","https://openalex.org/W658909112","https://openalex.org/W1994166151","https://openalex.org/W1998255809","https://openalex.org/W2029366328","https://openalex.org/W2030244720","https://openalex.org/W2031468029","https://openalex.org/W2083458749","https://openalex.org/W2141261997","https://openalex.org/W2320056244","https://openalex.org/W2538039086","https://openalex.org/W2913258143","https://openalex.org/W2931459557","https://openalex.org/W2944446522","https://openalex.org/W3110970462","https://openalex.org/W3128187832","https://openalex.org/W3201000793","https://openalex.org/W4200452833","https://openalex.org/W4324091864","https://openalex.org/W4367056101","https://openalex.org/W4377294773","https://openalex.org/W4386625120","https://openalex.org/W4390501033","https://openalex.org/W4402618375","https://openalex.org/W4403566629","https://openalex.org/W4414822652","https://openalex.org/W7117740234"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7048630787","https://openalex.org/W7167442503","https://openalex.org/W4407849146","https://openalex.org/W4407054539","https://openalex.org/W4403566629","https://openalex.org/W4386625120","https://openalex.org/W4367056101","https://openalex.org/W1146695776","https://openalex.org/W2564353448","https://openalex.org/W4408924898"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"study":[1],"presents":[2],"a":[3,29,76],"hybrid":[4],"experimental-numerical":[5],"approach":[6,92],"for":[7,103],"the":[8,33,37,50,82,105,129,134],"nondestructive":[9],"evaluation":[10],"of":[11,53,57,85,125,133],"carburization":[12],"profiles":[13,87,108],"in":[14],"steels.":[15],"The":[16,91,114],"method":[17],"is":[18,93],"based":[19],"on":[20,95],"low-frequency":[21],"magnetic":[22,66],"incremental":[23],"permeability":[24],"(LF-MIP)":[25],"measurements":[26],"and":[27,36,60,67,131],"establishes":[28],"quantitative":[30],"relationship":[31],"between":[32],"electromagnetic":[34],"signature":[35],"hardness":[38,61,86,107],"gradient":[39],"induced":[40],"by":[41],"carburization.":[42],"Finite":[43],"element":[44],"simulations":[45],"are":[46,73,109],"used":[47],"to":[48],"compute":[49],"LF-MIP":[51,89],"response":[52],"layered":[54],"media":[55],"representative":[56],"various":[58],"carbon":[59],"distributions,":[62],"using":[63],"experimentally":[64],"calibrated":[65],"electrical":[68],"properties.":[69],"These":[70],"simulated":[71],"responses":[72],"organized":[74],"into":[75],"reference":[77],"impedance":[78],"chart":[79],"that":[80],"enables":[81],"inverse":[83],"reconstruction":[84],"from":[88],"measurements.":[90,113],"validated":[94],"18NiCr5-4":[96],"steel":[97],"specimens":[98],"with":[99,111,119],"distinct":[100],"case":[101],"depths,":[102],"which":[104],"predicted":[106],"compared":[110],"microhardness":[112],"results":[115],"show":[116],"excellent":[117],"agreement,":[118],"an":[120],"average":[121],"relative":[122],"Euclidean":[123],"distance":[124],"approximately":[126],"4%,":[127],"demonstrating":[128],"robustness":[130],"accuracy":[132],"proposed":[135],"method.":[136]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-09T13:22:03.289127","created_date":"2026-09-25T00:00:00"}
